Is emotieregulatietraining dé oplossing voor seksueel kindermisbruik?

Ella

Ballière

Lara

Wauters

Online seksueel misbruik is een grootschalig probleem

De afgelopen twee decennia is het internet breed toegankelijk geworden. Dit lijkt samen te gaan met een groeiende productie, consumptie en verspreiding van seksuele misbruikbeelden van minderjarigen (Hirschtritt et al., 2019). Onderzoek toont aan dat het probleem van snelgroeiende aard is (IWF, 2021) en een enorme impact heeft op de (mentale) gezondheid van de slachtoffers (Broadhurst, 2019; Gunst et al., 2019).

Waarom zouden we tijd en geld besteden aan de behandeling van online seksuele

delinquenten?

Tot op heden is er weinig bekend over de kenmerken van online seksuele delinquenten en in hoeverre zij verschillen van hands-on seksuele delinquenten (Babchishin et al., 2015), waarbij het laatste gaat over seksuele misdrijven met lichamelijk contact (Elliott et al., 2004; Huys & Callens, 2011). Echter lijken de twee groepen op meerdere manieren te verschillen van elkaar (Babchishin et al., 2015).

In onderzoek naar seksuele delinquentie worden affectieve factoren zoals experiëntiële vermijding vaak over het hoofd gezien (Van Gelder et al., 2014). Affectregulatie bij (online) seksuele delinquenten en de rol daarvan in het plegen van seksueel delinquent gedrag is daardoor nog niet volledig begrepen. Dit terwijl affectregulatietraining wel dikwijls wordt opgenomen in interventieprogramma’s.

Daarom wil deze studie onderzoeken of experiëntiële vermijding, problemen met affectregulatie en seks als coping, het plegen van hands-on en online seksuele misdrijven (mede) zou kunnen verklaren. Dit zou kunnen bijdragen aan het verbeteren van bestaande tertiaire preventieprogramma's voor online seksuele delinquenten in plaats van ze op dezelfde manier te behandelen als hands-on seksuele delinquenten (Henshaw et al., 2017; Merdian et al., 2013).

De resultaten toonden aan dat het gebruik van experiëntiële emotieregulatie door emoties te erkennen, begrijpen en te uiten, de kans op het plegen van hands-on seksuele delicten significant verlaagt. Aan de andere kant lijkt het onderdrukken van emoties de kans op hands-on seksuele misdrijven juist te vergroten. Dit impliceert dat inzetten op adaptieve emotieregulatievaardigheden binnen de behandeling van hands-on seksuele delinquenten essentieel is.

De rol van affectregulatie in het plegen van (online) seksuele misdrijven

Negatieve emoties blijken antecedenten te zijn van delinquent gedrag (Pithers, 1990). Volgens onderzoek ervaren seksuele delinquenten frequente en intense negatieve emoties (Gunst et al., 2019). Deze kunnen op hun beurt worden gekoppeld aan moeilijkheden in emotieregulatie (Garofalo et al., 2019; Gillespie & Beech, 2016; Ward & Beech, 2016), wat resulteert in het gebruik van ineffectieve affectregulatiestrategieën (Fisher et al., 1999; Zamariola et al., 2018).

Affectregulatie is de typische manier waarop iemand zijn interne ervaringen interpreteert en hierop reageert (Gunst et al., 2017) en wordt omschreven als een vroege ontwikkelingstaak (Gunst et al., 2019). Hechtingsproblemen en traumatische ervaringen in de kindertijd kunnen bijgevolg de ontwikkeling van adaptieve emotieregulatie verstoren (Cassidy, 1994; Wallin, 2007) en emoties chronisch inhiberen (Krause et al., 2003).

Het onvermogen om met emoties om te gaan zou ertoe kunnen leiden dat seksuele delinquenten zich wenden tot seksuele activiteiten om verontrustende interne toestanden (zoals emoties) te vermijden of verminderen (Cortoni & Marshall, 2001; Maniglio, 2011). Bovendien is coping met behulp van seksuele activiteiten vaker in verband gebracht met online seksueel misbruik (Johnson, 2019, Quayle & Taylor, 2002). De consumptie van seksuele misbruikbeelden van minderjarigen kan dus worden gezien als een ontsnappingsmechanisme om negatieve emotionele toestanden te vermijden (Knack et al., 2020; Quayle et al., 2006). Dit gedrag kan een

seksuele verslaving worden door de belonende effecten van masturbatie (Quayle & Taylor, 2002).

Wat zeggen seksuele delinquenten hier zelf over?

Voor dit onderzoek werden 18 tot 70-jarige Nederlandstalige mannen gevraagd om een vragenlijst naar emotieregulatie in te vullen. De steekproef bevat 50 niet-veroordeelde mannen, 29 hands-on seksuele delinquenten en acht online seksuele delinquenten.

We wouden onderzoeken of de kennis van emotieregulatiestrategieën, experiëntiële vermijding en seks als coping die men gebruikt bij negatieve emoties, de waarschijnlijkheid verbetert van het correct inschatten of een persoon hands-on, online of geen seksueel delict heeft gepleegd. We gingen ervan uit dat seksuele delinquenten over minder adaptieve emotieregulatievaardigheden beschikken dan niet-veroordeelde mannen. Het gebruik van experiëntiële emotieregulatie door emoties te erkennen, begrijpen en te uiten zowel als het gebruik van cognitieve herwaardering om de betekenis achter een emotionele situatie te herkaderen, werden gezien als adaptieve emotieregulatiestrategieën. Het gebruik van seksuele activiteiten, expressieve onderdrukking door emotionele uitingen te inhiberen, en experiëntiële vermijding werden gezien als maladaptieve emotieregulatiestrategieën. Daarbij werd er verondersteld dat seksuele delinquenten vaak negatieve jeugdervaringen hebben meegemaakt en weinig voeling hebben met hun emoties (alexithymie).

Figuur 1 toont een schematische weergave van alle hypothesen.

Figuur 1

Schematische weergave van de hypothesen

Schematische weergave van de hypothesen

Om een antwoord te geven op onze onderzoeksvraag werden de groepen vergeleken door middel van multinomiale logistische regressie.

Emotieregulatie blijkt ook een probleem voor online seksuele delinquenten

De meeste affectregulatiestrategieën hadden in onze studie geen significante invloed op de kans op het plegen van hands-on en online misdrijven. We kunnen concluderen dat experiëntiële emotieregulatie een marginaal significant afnemend effect had op de kans om hands-on seksuele delicten te plegen (Odds ratio = .205; p = .096). Dit terwijl expressieve onderdrukking de kans om hands-on seksuele delicten te plegen verdubbelde (Odds ratio = 2,452; p = .040). Daarbij daalt de impact van expressieve onderdrukking op de kans om hands-on seksuele misdrijven te plegen significant voor individuen met alexithymie (Odds ratio = .050; p = .038). Tot slot heeft cognitieve herwaardering geen significante invloed op de kans om zowel hands-on als online delicten te plegen. Echter, onder daders die cognitieve herwaardering gebruiken, is de kans op het plegen van hands-on delicten veel groter voor daders die lijden aan alexithymie (Odds ratio = 9,404; p = .051).

Emotieregulatie lijkt een belangrijke rol te spelen in seksueel misbruik, maar met verschillen tussen hands-on en online seksuele delinquenten in emotieregulatiestrategieën die de kans op het plegen van seksueel misbruik beïnvloeden. Dit indiceert dat de invulling van emotieregulatietraining anders dient te zijn voor beide groepen. Door de kleine steekproefgrootte is het moeilijk om op grond van deze studie richtlijnen te vormen voor therapie. Toekomstig onderzoek kan baat hebben bij een grotere steekproef, maar ook bij (onderzoek naar) het

opnemen van experiëntiële emotieregulatie in terugvalpreventieprogramma's voor hands-on seksuele delinquenten.

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Universiteit of Hogeschool

Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Thesis jaar

2023

Promotor(en)

Marie Vandekerckhove

Thema('s)

Psychologie en pedagogische wetenschappen

Kernwoorden

seksueel misbruik,

Pedofilie, Pedoseksualiteit, Virtuele kinderpornografie,

affect,

emotieregulatie,

online veiligheid