Cryptische diversiteit in Enteromius (Cyprinidae) van West-Afrika
Door de klimaatverandering en de menselijke impact op onze ecosystemen gaat de biodiversiteit sneller achteruit dan ooit tevoren. Om dit verlies te kunnen kaderen, is het nodig om een accurate inschatting te kunnen maken van het aantal aanwezige soorten op onze planeet. Ons onderzoek draagt daar aan bij, want we onderzochten de verborgen diversiteit in een groep kleine, Afrikaanse zoetwatervissen van het geslacht Enteromius.
Deze vissen zijn gekend voor hun enorme diversiteit, want de teller staat op 216 soorten. Dit is niet het enige bijzondere aan deze vissen. Enteromius soorten zijn gekend voor hun gelijkenissen tussen elkaar. Hoewel sommige soorten morfologisch hetzelfde schijnen te zijn, verschillen hun genetische bouwstenen. Deze soortendiversiteit kunnen we niet zien met het blote oog en wordt daardoor dus verborgen diversiteit of ‘pseudo-cryptische’ diversiteitgenoemd. Voor Enteromius werden in het Congo bassin en in Oost-Afrika al verschillende studies hierover voltooid. Aan ons om te kijken of dit ook zo is in West-Afrika. Dit deden we door twee soorten, E. ablabes en E. guildi, te onderzoeken. Eerder werd al vermoed dat Enteromius ook een verbogen diversiteit vertoond in West Afrika.
Om deze verborgen diversiteit in Enteromius te onderzoeken, gebruikten we twee methodes. De eerste is een veelgebruikte morfologische methode en de tweede een nieuwe genetische aanpak. Om de morfologie, ofwel de uitwendige structuren van de vissen, te onderzoeken gebruikten we 26 meetbare karakteristieken, zoals de lengte van de dorsale vin of de oogdiameter. We telden ook 13 karakteristieken, zoals de kieuwdoornen en de schubben. Uit deze morfologische onderzoeken konden we het bestaan van twee nieuwe soorten bevestigen, genaamd E. sp. ‘ndoubai’ en E. sp. ‘snoeksi’. Verder vonden we dat E. sp. ‘ndoubai’ niet enkel voorkwam in één rivier in Guinee (Konkouré), maar ook in de Little Scarcies rivier in Guinee. Ook werden er zeer atypische specimens gevonden in de hoofdstad van Mali die mogelijks een nieuwe soort vormen. Wij noemden deze alvast E. sp. ‘Kalaban’.
Voor de genetische aanpak, het tweede luik van dit onderzoek, waren we aangewezen op vissen die al jaren op 70% alcohol staan. Ze zijn behandeld geweest met formol, een stof die de weefsels fixeert maar waardoor het genetisch materiaal wordt afgebroken. Er was nog nooit eerder genetisch onderzoek gedaan op zulke vissen in het Koninklijk Museum voor Midden-Afrika, waardoor we een nieuw protocol moesten opstellen op basis van beschikbare literatuur. Het protocol moest betaalbaar zijn en de mogelijkheid bieden om het ook op andere vissoorten toe te passen. Hoewel we het genetisch materiaal uit de vissen konden verkrijgen, waren we niet in staat om dit te analyseren. Onze gekozen aanpak bleek te gevoelig te zijn voor contaminatie met DNA van zowel mensen als andere organismen.
De diversiteit in Enteromius uit West-Afrika werd met succes onderzocht. We vonden aanwijzingen voor een hoger aantal soorten in Enteromius uit West-Afrika, wat een algemene trend is in Enteromius, maar dit kon niet bevestigd worden door de genetische methoden. Het gebruik van genetische methoden om de verborgen diversiteit in Enteromius te onderzoeken is echter belangrijk gebleken in andere studies. Toekomstig onderzoek zal dus moeten inzetten op een meer geoptimaliseerde genetische aanpak om dit doel te kunnen bereiken.
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