Zeewier en bierbrouw-afval blijken volwaardige vervangers van schadelijke pesticiden
Om gewassen te beschermen tegen ziekteverwekkers worden deze in de moderne landbouw vaak bespoten met verschillende pesticiden. Dit zijn vaak giftige, niet biologisch afbreekbare bestanddelen die, wanneer zij via neerslag en wind in het milieu terechtkomen, biodiversiteit verminderen. Pesticideresiduen vormen ook een gezondheidsrisico wanneer zij in hoge concentraties in voedsel aanwezig zijn. Om afhankelijkheid te verminderen kunnen biostimulanten een vervanger vormen, dit zijn biologische stoffen die een versterkend effect kunnen hebben op de behandelde plant, waardoor de weerstand tegen pathogenen mogelijks verhoogt. Deze stoffen zijn biologisch afbreekbaar en onschadelijk voor het milieu, wat in overeenstemming is met de "Farm to Fork" EU-strategie om voedselsystemen eerlijk, gezond en milieuvriendelijk te maken.
Welke stoffen werden getest?
In dit artikel werden de modelplant Arabidopsis thaliana en de biotrofe plantpathogeen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis gebruikt om meeldauwinfecties te simuleren. Zes biostimulanten werden beoordeeld op hun effect op de proliferatie van het pathogeen, namelijk humuszuur (HA1), fulvinezuur (HA2), soja-extract (PH1), moutextract (PH2) en Ecklonia maxima zeewierextract van twee leveranciers (SW1) en (SW2). De doeltreffendheid van deze biostimulanten werd geëvalueerd in vier verschillende experimenten en werd vergeleken met een waterbehandeling als negatieve controle en met een difenoconazol houdend fungicide als positieve controle.
Hoe werden de stoffen getest?
Het effect van de biostimulanten op geïnfecteerde A. thaliana na behandeling werd gekwantificeerd door het tellen van H. arabidopsidis-sporen via microscopie en het kwantificeren van de relatieve pathogene biomassa via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Verder werd een pigmentextractie uitgevoerd op geïnfecteerde planten om chlorofyl- en carotenoïdengehalten te bepalen via spectrometrie. Zo werd het absolute chlorofylgehalte gebruikt als maat voor de groei en biomassa van de plant, het relatieve chlorofylgehalte als maat voor fotosynthesecapaciteit, en het relatieve carotenoïdengehalte als maat voor immuunrespons. Een laatste experiment werd uitgevoerd met de twee best presterende biostimulanten uit voorgaande experimenten, waarbij groeicurven en kinetische parameters van zowel sporulatie als relatieve pathogene biomassa werden opgesteld.
Zeewierextract en moutextract blijken mogelijke volwaardige vervangers
Uit deze experimenten bleek dat moutextract (PH2) en Ecklonia maxima zeewierextract van Kelpak® (SW2) de beste prestaties leverden. Beide behandelingen lieten consistent een significante vermindering zien van H. arabidopsidis-sporen en biomassa, vergelijkbaar met het fungicide. Beide behandelingen lieten ook verbeteringen zien in de groei en fotosynthesecapaciteit van de planten, vergelijkbaar met die van niet-geïnfecteerde planten, en een verhoogde immuunrespons vergeleken met de waterbehandeling. Bovendien veroorzaakte PH2, net als het fungicide, een vertraagde en verminderde sporulatiepiek en een vervroegde verminderde H. arabidopsidis biomassapiek.
Maar…
Hoewel deze biostimulanten veelbelovende resultaten opleverden, is er nog ruimte om concentraties en toedieningsmethoden te optimaliseren om de doeltreffendheid te verhogen. Ook dienen er veldproeven worden uitgevoerd om een indicatie te krijgen van de doeltreffendheid op productieschaal. Indien deze biostimulanten met succes worden geïntegreerd, kunnen zij leiden tot een wereldwijde verschuiving naar duurzamere landbouwpraktijken, met positieve gevolgen voor het milieu, biodiversiteit en voedselkwaliteit.
Tabel: Overzicht van alle experimentele resultaten. In de eerste kolom staan alle experimenten. In de tweede kolom staan alle experimentele parameters. Deze worden gevolgd door de respectieve gemiddelde resultaten van alle behandelingen voor die parameter, waarvan de 3 best presterende behandelingen worden weergegeven in groene tinten en de slechtst presterende behandelingen in rode tinten. Hoe lichter de tint, hoe beter de prestatie van de biostimulant voor de betreffende parameter. Behandelingen met een significant verschil ten opzichte van de negatieve controle (CON.-) worden aangegeven met (*), behandelingen die niet significant verschillen van de positieve controle (CON.+) worden aangegeven met (**), en behandelingen die aan beide criteria voldoen worden aangegeven met (***).
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