Onbewuste vooroordelen binnen hulpverlening: een complex vraagstuk
Discriminatie op de arbeidsmarkt, de huurmarkt, in het onderwijs, … Het is nog steeds een trieste realiteit voor vluchtelingen en etnische minderheden in ons land. Maar hoe zit het bij hulpverleners? Hulpverleners, dat zijn toch geen racisten, anders hadden ze een andere job gekozen, niet? Recent masterproefonderzoek aan de Universiteit Gent laat zien dat het ingewikkelder is. ‘Expliciet proberen hulpverleners racisme en discriminatie tegen te gaan, maar onbewust versterken ze deze dynamieken ook bij momenten’, zo concludeert de onderzoeker.
De laatste jaren rapporteerde de media herhaaldelijk hoe de druk op het opvangnetwerk voor asielzoekers blijft toenemen. Ook het aantal niet-begeleide minderjarige vluchtelingen, jongeren die naar ons land vluchten zonder begeleiding van hun ouder of voogd, steeg spectaculair. Dit staat in schril contrast met de beperkte opvangcapaciteit van de Belgische asielcentra. De overgrote meerderheid niet-begeleide minderjarigen in België is bovendien afkomstig uit Afghanistan, wat hen vaak onderwerp van onderzoek maakt, zo ook in deze studie.
Niet-begeleide minderjarige vluchtelingen hebben het allesbehalve makkelijk. De onzekere asielprocedure, het opbouwen van een nieuw leven en de vlucht, gaan gepaard met trauma en emotionele uitdagingen. Dit alles moeten ze zonder ouders zien te overleven. Juist daarom zijn de relaties die ze aangaan met hulpverleners rondom hen zo belangrijk voor hun welzijn. In de studie neemt de onderzoekster de hulpverleningsrelatie van professionals die werken met niet-begeleide minderjarige Afghaanse jongeren onder de loep via een reeks diepte-interviews.
Bewust versus onbewust
De resultaten van dit onderzoek bevestigen de kracht van positieve vertrouwensrelaties met hulpverleners. De geïnterviewde OKAN-leerkrachten en medewerkers uit asielcentra proberen vanuit een open houding met respect voor culturele verschillen te werken.
Dat er veel goede intenties zijn, betekent daarom niet dat het nooit fout kan lopen. Deze studie toont aan dat de professionals onbewust ook stereotyperende uitspraken doen, ondanks het nastreven van een open en respectvolle houding. Zo stelt een participant bijvoorbeeld: “We proberen hen uit te leggen, mannen en vrouwen zijn gelijk. Maar het is niet…, ze zijn superlief tegen ons hé, maar ze kunnen dat moeilijk vatten. Dus, we moeten hen eigenlijk zo wat de normen en waarden van het normale leven leren, want ze worden daar een beetje gebrainwasht.” Deze quote laat zien hoe deze persoon onbewust suggereert dat Afghanen minder ontwikkeld zijn. Dit soort ideeën kan discriminatie en ongelijkheid versterken.
Dat er impliciete vormen van stereotypering aanwezig zijn, hoeft op zich niet te verbazen. Het idee dat België als ‘ontwikkeld’ land superieur is aan ‘ontwikkelingslanden’ zoals Afghanistan, vind je in Vlaanderen overal. Alleen al spreken over ‘ontwikkelde landen’ en ‘landen in ontwikkeling’, versterkt dit idee. Bijgevolg is het logisch dat deze denkbeelden doorsijpelen in de gehele samenleving, hulpverleners inbegrepen.
Racisme: nergens of juist overal?
Belangrijker, zo stelt de onderzoeker, is de mate waarin hulpverleners kunnen reflecteren over racisme in al zijn facetten. Die mogelijkheid tot reflectie is eerder beperkt, zo blijk uit uitspraken als “Wel, we zitten hier in OKAN, dus racistische leerkrachten hebben we hier sowieso niet, anders zouden ze de verkeerde job gekozen hebben hé.”
De moeilijkheid om over (onbewust) racisme te reflecteren in het eigen gedrag en binnen de organisatie is gelinkt aan de manier waarop de hulpverleners het concept ‘racisme’ definiëren. Een eerste groep ziet racisme als intentioneel en kwaadwillig en vind het dan ook zeer beledigend om met racisme geassocieerd te worden. Ze verwijzen naar het idee van ‘neutraliteit’ dat zeer belangrijk is binnen OKAN- en asielcontexten. Omdat ze neutraliteit nastreven, zijn deze contexten volgens hen ‘safe spaces’, vrij van racisme. Helaas maakt dit idee een kritische zelfreflectie over racisme onmogelijk, zo concludeert de onderzoeker.
Een tweede groep hulpverleners ziet racisme dan weer wel als multidimensionaal en erkent hier ook zelf soms schuldig aan te zijn. Deze groep linkt dit aan het algemeen klimaat in Vlaanderen waarin stereotyperende en racistische denkbeelden nog sterk aanwezig zijn. Dit idee laat aan de ene kant meer reflectie toe, maar anderzijds gaat gepaard met het idee dat racisme iets natuurlijks is, iets van alle tijden. In dat idee schuilt dan weer het risico om racisme te normaliseren. Hierdoor wordt het opnieuw moeilijk om ertegen te vechten.
Laten we meer ruimte creëren voor reflectie
Hoewel professionals het belang van hun functie voor de jongeren erkennen, uitten ze ook veel machteloosheid. Persoonlijke en structurele uitdagingen leiden tot dagelijkse worstelingen en heel wat stress.
Op structureel niveau getuigen ze van grote tekorten op het vlak van financiën, personeel, maar ook op het vlak van expertise in het omgaan met ernstige mentale gezondheidsproblemen. Zowel in de asielcentra als in de scholen ervaren professionals de drempel om psychische hulp te bieden als veel te groot. Psychologen zijn vaak extern figuren die moeilijk toegankelijk zijn. Hierdoor komen heel wat problemen bij de professionals zelf te liggen, hoewel ze hier niet voor opgeleid zijn. Daarnaast ervaren de professionals ook machteloosheid ten gevolge van worstelingen op persoonlijk vlak. Het principe van neutraliteit leidt tot vele vragen. Hoe doe je dat ‘neutraal’ zijn, maar tegelijk tonen dat het oké is om jezelf te zijn? Bovendien wegen de hoge werkdruk, de vele tekorten en de schrijnende situatie van Afghanen in België ook sterk op hun eigen mentale gezondheid, zo blijkt uit de interviews.
Deze laatste resultaten nuanceren de andere bevindingen voor een stuk. De grote tekorten en de stress die daardoor gecreëerd wordt binnen en individuen en organisaties, neemt gigantisch veel mentale ruimte in. We hebben meer bewustzijn en reflectie nodig over de minder opvallende vormen van racisme, dat is zeker. Maar om dit proces te bevorderen bij professionals en hun organisaties, is er uiteraard ook aandacht nodig voor de tekorten en de stress waar zij dagelijks mee geconfronteerd worden. Pas dan zal het mogelijk zijn om verder te evolueren richting een sterk hulpverleningslandschap dat ook de mogelijkheden heeft om zelfkritisch met vragen als (onbewust) racisme aan de slag te gaan. Dus laten we misschien alvast beginnen met naar hun noodkreten te luisteren.
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