The war on PFOS: Hoe de Verenigde Staten van Amerika hun bevolking beschermen tegen PFOS.
De Verenigde Staten, de jaren veertig. Producenten slagen erin om een ijzersterke stof te maken: PFOS. Geen water, vet of warmte kan deze stof kapotmaken. Ideaal om overal in te verwerken, niet? Tot men op een dag ontdekt dat deze stof misschien toch niet zo ideaal is als ze eerst leek: PFOS veroorzaakt voortplantingsproblemen, een verstoord immuunsysteem, gedragsveranderingen en kanker. Maar het kwaad was al geschied: PFOS heeft zich reeds een weg gebaand door onze leefomgeving. Meerdere landen gaan nu de strijd aan tegen PFOS-vervuiling. Onder hen ook de Verenigde Staten van Amerika.
De Verenigde Staten van Amerika zijn het meest vooruitstrevende land wat betreft de aanpak van PFOS-vervuiling. Ik heb bestudeerd hoe dit land zijn inwoners tracht te beschermen tegen de grote hoeveelheden PFOS die daar in de bodem en het water aanwezig zijn.
PFOS-schandaal
U herinnert zich zeker nog het PFOS-schandaal dat in Vlaanderen losbarstte in 2021. Het Amerikaanse chemiebedrijf 3M loosde jarenlang grote hoeveelheden PFOS in de Schelde. Het resultaat? Eenennegentig procent van de inwoners van Zwijndrecht kennen te hoge PFOS-concentraties in hun bloed. Misschien woont u niet in Zwijndrecht en denkt u daardoor veilig te zijn. Dan moet ik u teleurstellen. PFOS zit overal in Vlaanderen. Mensen die in de buurt wonen van (voormalige) brandweerkazernes en militaire oefenterreinen lopen een risico op te hoge PFOS-concentraties. Hoe het komt dat PFOS zo wijdverspreid is, kan u lezen in mijn scriptie. Hoewel men niet direct het ergste moet vrezen, is voorzichtigheid geboden. Een goede gezondheid is immers het hoogste goed.
Internationale en Amerikaanse actie
Verschillende landen besloten om actie te ondernemen. Ze sloegen de handen in elkaar en sloten internationale verdragen met als doel PFOS-vervuiling tegen te gaan. Hoewel deze pogingen goed bedoeld zijn, hebben ze niet het gewenste effect: er zijn nog altijd landen die PFOS produceren en verwerken in hun producten. Bepaalde landen zijn daarom verder gegaan dan wat deze internationale verdragen van hen verwachtten. Zo ook de Verenigde Staten. In mijn scriptie heb ik onderzocht welke verschillen er bestaan tussen de internationale en de Amerikaanse regelgeving inzake PFOS. Het doel van deze vergelijking is om vast te stellen in welke mate het Amerikaanse beleidsniveau strenger is. Dit land kan een inspiratiebron vormen voor andere landen en kan hen aanmoedigen om het internationaal optreden te verstrengen.
Om vast te stellen welke verschillen er bestaan tussen de internationale en Amerikaanse PFOS-wetgeving, zocht ik een antwoord op drie vragen: welk van beide niveaus verbiedt het meeste PFOS-toepassingen (1), welk niveau hanteert de strengste maximumgrenzen (2) en welke instanties werken rond PFOS, ook hier kijkend naar zowel het internationale als het Amerikaanse niveau (3).
Bij elk van deze vragen heb ik een literatuurstudie gedaan: ik heb gebruikgemaakt van wetgeving, rapporten, krantenartikels en websites.
Productie en gebruik van PFOS verbieden
De eerste vraag ging over welk van beide beleidsniveaus de meeste toepassingen van PFOS verbiedt. Onder toepassingen vallen bijvoorbeeld brandblusschuim en voedselverpakkingen.
Deze eerste vraag kent geen pasklaar antwoord. Beide soorten regelgeving kennen immers een verschillende invalshoek. De internationale instrumenten gaan uit van een algemeen verbod op elk gebruik van PFOS en lijsten vervolgens limitatief op welke toepassingen wel nog toegelaten zijn. De Amerikaanse wetgeving daarentegen somt op welke toepassingen uitdrukkelijk verboden zijn, waarbij alle niet opgelijste toepassingen nog zijn toegelaten.
Men zou daardoor kunnen denken dat de internationale regelgeving beter is, maar dergelijke conclusie zou niet geheel correct zijn. Men moet immers ook kijken naar de handhaving van beide soorten regelgeving. De internationale regelgeving mag dan wel meer PFOS-toepassingen verbieden, de Amerikaanse wetgeving voorziet in strenge handhavingsbepalingen. Er worden straffen gesteld op het illegaal produceren of verkopen van PFOS. Dergelijke bepalingen zijn afwezig in de internationale instrumenten, met als gevolg dat veel landen deze regelgeving niet naleven.
Maximumgrenzen voor PFOS
De tweede vraag ging over welk van beide niveaus de strengste maximumgrenzen hanteert.
Op het internationaal niveau ziet men enkele grenswaarden, maar geen van deze zijn bindend. Er bestaat een grenswaarde voor PFOS in afval en twee grenswaarden voor PFOS in drinkwater. Deze laatste twee waarden zijn opgesteld door de Wereldgezondheidsorganisatie. Ze worden fel bekritiseerd omdat ze volgens velen niet streng genoeg zijn.
De Verenigde Staten kennen zowel op federaal als statelijk niveau verschillende limieten inzake PFOS. Het Environmental Protection Agency of kortweg EPA is een federaal milieuagentschap en heeft reeds verschillende gezondheidsadviezen aangekondigd voor zowel drink- als grondwater. Hoewel deze waarden niet bindend zijn, hebben veel Amerikaanse staten zich hierdoor laten inspireren bij het aannemen van statelijke limieten. Daarnaast is het EPA aan het werken aan een grenswaarde voor PFOS in drinkwater die wél bindend zal zijn. Deze norm wordt verwacht een grote impact te gaan hebben op de kwaliteit van het drinkwater.
Instanties die optreden tegen PFOS-vervuiling
De derde vraag tot slot was een vraag waarmee ik meer inzicht wou verwerven in de verschillende instanties die zowel op het internationaal als Amerikaans niveau de strijd aangaan tegen PFOS. Er moeten instanties zijn die zich bezighouden met het voeren van onderzoek, het uitvoeren van saneringswerken, enzovoort. Alleen dan kan de samenleving optimaal beschermd worden.
Mijn conclusie was dat geen enkel internationaal of Amerikaans agentschap zo hardwerkend is als het reeds vermelde EPA.
Bijgevolg heb ik me verder verdiept in de verschillende stappen die dit agentschap reeds heeft genomen. Ik heb onderzocht wat het EPA heeft gedaan om de productie van PFOS in de Verenigde Staten stop te zetten. Daarnaast heb ik bestudeerd welke maatregelen het genomen heeft om PFOS-vervuiling aan te pakken in drinkwater en grondwater.
Kortom, de Verenigde Staten treden hard op tegen PFOS-vervuiling. Hun wetgeving is op verschillende vlakken strenger dan de internationale regelgeving. Hun strijd is echter nog niet gestreden. Er worden nog altijd PFOS-houdende producten geïmporteerd vanuit Aziatische landen, ze botsen op weerstand van de chemische industrie en er zit nog veel PFOS in hun bodem en wateren. Toch toont dit land dat het het PFOS-probleem grondig wil aanpakken en zijn burgers wil beschermen tegen deze gevaarlijke stof.
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WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, “Nr 809 Safe Drinking Water Standards Update”, https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/DrinkingWater/NR809.html#:~:text=acid%20(PFOS).-,The%20new%20Maximum%20Contaminant%20Level%20(MCL)%20standards%20are%20for%20perfluorooctanoic,each%20contaminant%20individually%20or%20combined. (consultatie 6 maart 2023).
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, “Waste Containing PFAS”, https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/pfas/waste#:~:text=The%20group%20of%20chemical%20compounds,and%20post%2Dconsumer%20household%20waste. (consultatie 13 april 2023).
