Van Stedelijke Dromen naar Duurzame Stad: De Kracht van de Burger
“Duurzaamheid in de stad? Luister naar de burger!” Met dit motto kan men de tuinstratenprojecten in Stad Antwerpen samenvatten. Het bestuur van Stad Antwerpen stroopte de mouwen enkele jaren geleden op om de eerste te zijn in het uitvinden van kleinschalige en goedkope, maar effectieve duurzaamheidsprojecten. Een unieke groene twist geven aan woonwijken en straten leek een goud idee te zijn volgens het bestuur. Maar de manier hoe zij het aanpakte bleek toch niet door elke inwoner aanvaard te zijn.
Tuintjes aan uw deur
Het concept van de tuinstraten moest de droom voor elke Belg worden. Het ontharden van je straat, bomen en plantjes naast het trottoir, het verminderen van risico’s op wateroverlast, minder auto’s en als kers op de taart een klein tuintje recht voor de voorgevel van je huis. Antwerpen wil hierbij zijn steentje bijdragen aan de strijd tegen klimaatverandering. Deze veranderingen zouden ook zorgen dat straten en wijken worden omgevormd tot meer aangenamere straten die rust en vrijheid uitstralen. Een verduurzaming van het stedelijk leven. Verschillende straten in de districten van Antwerpen werden als proefkonijnen genomen. Het bestuur van Antwerpen ziet dit project als de perfecte opportuniteit om te experimenteren met verschillende soorten aanpakken. Zo besloot men de tuinstraten in Oud-Berchem te laten doorgaan met een meer traditionele aanpak: een semi-vastgelegd design zonder al te veel ruimte over laten voor inspraak van de inwoners. Het tuinstratenproject in de Lange Riddersstraat daarentegen ondervond een totaal ander aanpak: een blanco design waar inwoners de volledige vrijheid kregen om hun droomstraat te ontwerpen.
“Op een bepaald punt werden onze vragen gewoon genegeerd” (Bewoner van Oud-Berchem)
Wie bepaalt wat?
Wat blijkt? Op vlak van duurzaamheid scoort het open aanpak van het project in de Lange Ridderstraat vele beter dan die van Oud-Berchem. Meer specifiek werd er meer aandacht besteed aan het onzichtbare sociale aspect dat dagelijks afspeelde tussen de bewoners van de Lange Riddersstraat. Hoewel beide projecten in het algemeen positief werden beschouwd, dankzij de focus op sociale aspecten konden de ontwerpers efficiënter problemen oplossen en vermijden die zich afspeelden in de Lange Riddersstraat. Dit was niet het geval in de wijk van Oud-Berchem. Bewoners van Oud-Berchem vroegen zo bijvoorbeeld voor een rustigere straat zonder al te veel verkeer. Wat zij uiteindelijk kregen was net het tegenovergestelde. Het rechttrekken van wegen en de komst van een nieuwe supermarkt zorgde voor meer auto’s die door de straten racen en groot vrachtverkeer. Samengebundeld met andere frustraties stapten de bewoners af naar het bestuur van Berchem. De vraag van de bewoners om hier een oplossing voor te zoeken werd afgewezen. Hun moeite was tevergeefs.
Een ander aanpak in de Lange Riddersstraat leidde tot andere resultaten. “Burgers werden actief in het process betrokken”, vertelde de ontwerpster, “en dat bleek de juiste keuze te zijn”. Burgers beschikken over vitale kennis van hun leefomgeving die anders gemakkelijk over het hoofd kunnen gezien worden. Door dit niet in betrekking te nemen, kan dit een domino-effect veroorzaken naar grotere sociale en zelfs economische problemen. Zo kwamen de burgers van de Lange Riddersstraat op het geniale idee om de borduren van de voortuintjes te verhogen. Zo kan het ook dienen als snelheidsremmer voor gemotoriseerd verkeer. Andere addities van de kant van de burger zoals het hergebruiken van hemelwater met waterpompen, worden ook geapprecieerd binnen de gemeenschap en komt voordelig uit voor Stad Antwerpen. Burgers betrekken in het denkproces en onderhoud van de gerenoveerde Lange Riddersstraat blijkt dus een win-win situatie te zijn voor beide partijen.
Vergeet-mij-nietjes
De studie tussen de twee wijken vindt dus het belang van de stem van de burger opnieuw uit. Het is eenvoudig om er van uit te gaan dat de toevoeging van groene landschapselementen alleen positief kan zijn. In realiteit is het veranderen naar groene landschappen geen eenvoudig complex en moet deze aanname met een kritische lens bekeken worden. Er komt veel meer bij kijken – zoals het rechttrekken van straten – en niet elke bewoner is eens met de veranderingen voor zijn voordeur. Een parkeerplaats veranderen in een groene strook vol bloemen kan al tot teleurstelling zorgen bij een bewoner die die bepaalde parkeerplaats broodnodig heeft.
“Originele functies van de straat worden deels verandert, in teleurstelling van sommige bewoners. Architecten hebben hier over gekeken” (Leverancier van de planten in de tuinstraat van Oud-Berchem)
Door intensief te luisteren naar de bewoners en hun de opportuniteit te geven om hun straat in te richten, vermijd je deze problemen. Zo hebben de ontwerpers van de Lange Riddersstraat goed ingespeeld op de sterke sociale hechting die aanwezig is daar. Door burgers in het proces te betrekken, wordt de efficiëntie van de straat op sociaal vlak versterkt en worden de correcte landschapsveranderingen doorgebracht.
De burger overwint
Het resultaat van beide aanpakken is duidelijk verschillend. De mening van burger vergeten in het proces kan leiden tot foute landschapsveranderingen, sociale fractionatie en zelfs het verhuizen uit de buurt omdat de wijk onaangenamer is geworden voor sommige burgers. Gebruik maken van de kennis van de burger in gelijkaardige vergroeningsprojecten is bijna alleen maar positief. Men schept een sterkere band tussen de inwoners. Iedereen werkt samen en bundelt kennis en meningen samen om een perfecte straatdesign te ontwerpen. Omhelst door zowel de burger, als de overheid en andere belanghebbenden. Maar het betrekken van de burger kan tijdrovend zijn en veel hulpmiddelen moeten gebruikt worden. Het kan dus zeer uitputtend zijn als het project een grote omvang heeft.
Conclusie? Met burgers aan boord, bloeit duurzaamheid voort.
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