ViaVia, een weg naar duurzaamheid?
Over hoe een Vlaamse internationale keten van reiscafé’s zich wel of niet duurzaam inzet.
Is duurzaam wel écht zo duurzaam?
U hebt het zeker en vast wel gezien of gehoord: de term ‘duurzaamheid’ is een buzzword geworden in onze samenleving. Veel bedrijven en ondernemingen gebruiken deze term vlotjes om een positief imago te scheppen, terwijl ze in realiteit misschien helemaal niets ‘duurzaam’ bijdragen. Zeker bij sociale ondernemingen, die naast het economische aspect belang hechten aan het sociale, zegt de theorie dat ze kunnen bijdragen aan een duurzamere wereld. Maar, is dit ook daadwerkelijk zo? There’s only one way to find out: zo’n sociale onderneming onder de loep nemen. En wat blijkt? Het kan zeker, al loopt het ecologische aspect soms wat achter. De case study in kwestie: de ViaVia Reiscafé’s.
ViaVia wat?
ViaVia: misschien denkt u gewoon aan het alledaags woord dat synoniem staat voor ‘door een tussenpersoon’, of misschien heeft het wel meer betekenis voor u. Hoe dan ook, de ViaVia Reiscafé’s zijn ontmoetingsplaatsen waar duurzaam toerisme en intercultureel ondernemen centraal staan, speciaal voor wereldreizigers en locals die van de wereld willen proeven. Ze bieden een mix aan van eten, drinken, activiteiten, culturele ervaringen en zelfs accommodatie. Het concept ontstond zo’n 30 jaar geleden vanuit de Vlaamse touroperator Joker. Anno 2023 bestaan er maar liefst 16 reiscafés over de hele wereld, waarvan de meerderheid zich in het Globale Zuiden bevindt. De internationale schaal waarmee de ViaVia’s zich hebben kunnen uitbreiden, toont het succes aan van deze sociale onderneming.
Een ViaVia in het land van de vulkanen en meren
Gelegen op slechts twee straten van de grootste kathedraal van Centraal-Amerika en in een prachtig koloniaal pand, bevindt zich ViaVia León . Sinds 2001 wordt deze ViaVia in de studentenstad van Nicaragua uitgebaat door Belgen. Maar of je er veel Belgen tegenkomt? Niet per sé, het krioelt er daarentegen wél van de Nicaraguanen en toeristen van over heel de wereld. Ze drinken er een pintje aan de toog, spelen samen aan de biljarttafel, of genieten van het warm, tropisch weer op het terras. Dat allemaal onder één dak. Het sociale van sociale ondernemingen wordt nog duidelijker als je hun slagzin ‘cada cabeza es un mundo’ hoort, wat vrij vertaald wordt als ‘ieder hoofd is een wereld’. Het drukt hun inzet uit voor sociale inclusie, interculturele connecties en het juist behandelen van hun werknemers. Daarbij is het een mooie knipoog naar de verhalen van De kleine prins.
Aan de hand van interviews met alle betrokkenen van de ViaVia kon een duidelijk beeld geschept worden van de dynamiek die er plaatsvind: de werkgevers, werknemers, partners, locals en toeristen konden allemaal hun zegje doen. Zo werd onder meer duidelijk dat de toeristen en locals hun interacties ook écht als authentiek ervaren, dat de vrouwelijke personeelsleden kunnen emanciperen ondanks de machocultuur, en dat de werkethos aanzienlijk beter is dan in andere zaken in León. Het loon voor het personeel ligt hoger dan het minimum en men houdt zich aan de arbeidswetgeving, om als voorbeelden te geven. Dit klinkt misschien als het absolute minimum vanuit ons westers perspectief, maar het zijn niet altijd vanzelfsprekende zaken in het Zuiden. Zeker niet in Nicaragua. Door de verschillende manieren waarop ViaVia León hun personeel ondersteund, schept dit dus een mogelijkheid voor hun werknemers om er op vooruit te kunnen gaan op economisch en sociaal vlak.
Een woelige omgeving
Maar, ook al willen ze veel goed doen is dat niet altijd even simpel. ViaVia León moet zich namelijk in heel wat bochten wringen om te ontsnappen aan de druk van corruptie en de wispelturige dictatuur van president Daniel Ortega. Sinds 2007 heeft Ortega namelijk Nicaragua zienderogen omgebouwd tot een politiestaat. Mensenrechtenschennissen, beperking van de vrijheid van meningsuiting, en de uitzetting van alle buitenlandse NGO’s zijn maar enkele voorbeelden van wat er de afgelopen jaren zich afspeelt in Nicaragua. De onrust onder het volk leidde zo in 2018 uiteindelijk tot een politieke crisis. En als dat nog niet alles was, startte de COVID-19 pandemie in 2020. Deze opeenvolgende crisissen leidden vandaag tot 83% (!) minder toeristische bezoeken dan in 2017. Dit is een crisis op zich voor een land wiens inkomen ook sterk beïnvloedt wordt door toerisme. Dat heeft ViaVia León ook financieel gevoeld, maar hun personeel hebben ze nooit in de steek gelaten: “We moeten proberen winst te draaien, maar ten tijde van crisis is het niet ons hoofddoel”, luidt het in León. Ondanks de moeilijke context blijven ze hoopvol en blijven ze gaan voor hun personeel en goed doel, de enige cliniclown in Nicaragua.
‘Fairtrade? Dat bestaat hier niet!’
Dat ze economisch en sociale ontwikkeling stimuleren is dus duidelijk, maar wat met de derde pijler van duurzaamheid? Die krijgt helaas wat minder aandacht. De bescherming van de natuur wordt wat naar achter geschoven omdat het bijna niet anders kan. Recycleren? Hernieuwbare energie? Onbestaand of inevident in Nicaragua. Hun best doen ze door opruimacties in de naburige vulkanen te organiseren of lokale producten te gebruiken, maar een fair trade koffietje in ViaVia León moet je niet verwachten.
En de rest?
Gelijkaardige bevindingen werden ook opgemerkt bij de andere ViaVia’s in het Globale Zuiden. Doorgaans hogere lonen, overwegend vrouwen aan het werk, mogelijkheden tot studeren of zelf te ondernemen stimuleren… De voorbeelden zijn eindeloos. Ook hier ligt de focus overwegend op het sociale en economische, terwijl het ecologische soms wat vergeten wordt. De meeste ViaVia’s stoten binnen hun werking helaas vaak op het inefficiënte nationale kader op dat vlak. Toch zijn er ook positieve voorbeelden te vinden; zo heeft de ViaVia in Buenos Aires (Argentinië) een eigen organische boerderij vlak buiten de stad.
Zoals u leest, is het dus niet altijd even gemakkelijk om duurzaam te ondernemen op alle vlakken. Hoe dan ook dienen de ViaVia’s wel als mooi voorbeelden van sociale ondernemingen in de toeristische sector en mag hun inzet op sociaal en economisch vlak zeker gewaardeerd worden.
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