Plastiek in het lichaam: beïnvloedt dit onze gezondheid?
Onderzoek heeft aangetoond dat in je hele lichaam micro- en nanoplastiek aanwezig zijn. Maar wat is nu eigenlijk het effect van deze kleine plastiekdeeltjes op je lichaam? En zou het kunnen dat deze deeltjes leiden tot verhoogde kans op obesitas?
Plastiek afval in Zuid-Tangerang, Indonesië. Foto door Tom Fisk
Wat is micro- en nanoplastiek en hoe dringt het ons lichaam binnen?
Mensen produceren plastiek afval. De wereldwijde hoeveelheid afval in 2019 was ongeveer 460 miljoen ton. Dit is ongeveer evenveel als 46 keer het gewicht van de Eiffeltoren. Slechts 9% van dit afval wordt gerecycleerd. Omdat plastiek slecht biologisch afbreekbaar is, accumuleert het in de natuur, waar het wordt afgebroken tot kleinere deeltjes. Deze deeltjes zijn overal ter wereld te vinden, ook in ons voedsel en in de lucht. Voornamelijk via het eten en het inademen van de deeltjes worden ze opgenomen in het lichaam en belanden ze in ons bloed. Via het bloed worden ze dan naar verschillende organen in het lichaam getransporteerd.
Hoe kunnen kleine plastiekdeeltjes schade verrichten?
Het lichaam kan je zien als een hele grote fabriek. Cellen zijn de bouwstenen van het lichaam en werken als kleine levende machinetjes in het lichaam (de fabriek). Kleine plastiekdeeltjes kunnen in de cellen terechtkomen en hun werking verstoren. Als één cel niet meer werkt, is dit geen probleem, maar wanneer vele cellen verstoord worden, kan dit leiden tot ernstige storingen.
De vraag is, hoe toxisch zijn de plastiekdeeltjes voor deze cellen en wat betekent dit op het niveau van je lichaam. Plastiekdeeltjes reageren niet rechtstreeks met de cellen en zijn niet direct dodelijk voor de cel. Wat de deeltjes dan wel precies doen in de cellen is niet duidelijk. Het zou bijvoorbeeld kunnen dat de deeltjes in de weg zitten van cruciale elementen in de cel en zo de activiteit ervan verstoren. Een andere mogelijkheid is dat de deeltjes herkend worden als vreemd, waardoor de cel hen wil afbreken. Aangezien plastiek niet goed afbreekbaar is, kan dit leiden tot het vrijkomen van stoffen die schadelijk zijn voor de cel. Hierdoor kunnen de plastiekdeeltjes dus indirect schade brengen aan de cellen.
Wat er al geweten is
Op cellulair niveau wordt onderzoek uitgevoerd op basis van menselijke cellen die in kleine flesjes groeien. Deze cellen worden dan blootgesteld aan plastiek waarna verschillende effecten in de cellen gemeten worden. Onderzoek toonde al aan dat verschillende onderdelen in de cel, waaronder het DNA en de celwand, kunnen aangetast worden door de aanwezigheid van plastiekdeeltjes. Op het niveau van het lichaam is onderzoek moeilijker. Het is namelijk niet toegestaan om mensen bewust bloot te stellen aan plastiek om de effecten van de deeltjes te bestuderen. Tot nu toe is er dan ook geen rechtstreeks bewijs van de effecten van deze kleine deeltjes op het lichaam. Er zijn wel al een aantal hypothetische effecten zoals een verhoogde kans op een trombose, ontstekingen en een abnormaal vetmetabolisme.
Het onderzoek
In mijn onderzoek werd het effect van polystyreen nanoplastiek op darmcellen onderzocht. Dit omdat darmcellen sterk onderhevig zijn aan plastiekdeeltjes die via voedsel worden ingenomen. In tegenstelling tot vele andere studies, die acute behandelingen met hoge concentraties van micro- en nanoplastiek hanteerden, benaderde mijn proefopzet beter de werkelijkheid. Dit gebeurde door een lange periode van blootstelling aan lage concentraties plastiekdeeltjes toe te passen. Uit mijn studie bleek dat darmcellen meer vet bevatten wanneer ze werden blootgesteld aan plastiekdeeltjes. Bovendien induceren de plastiekdeeltjes een verhoogde activiteit van de cellen. De cellen zullen bijvoorbeeld meer zuurstof verbruiken en omzetten in CO2. Mijn onderzoek gaat hand in hand met andere eerdere onderzoeken die ook aantoonden dat plastiekdeeltjes zorgen voor meer vet in de cellen. Extra vervetting in cellen komt voor bij verschillende ziektes, waaronder obesitas, kanker en chronische ontstekingen.
De link met obesitas
Het aantal mensen met obesitas is stijgend. Dit is voornamelijk door hoe we leven. Er zijn heel wat gekende factoren die kans op obesitas verhogen, zoals eetgewoonten, slaap, leeftijd en of je rookt of niet. Toch heeft onderzoek aangetoond dat al deze gekende factoren samen niet voldoende zijn om het stijgende percentage aan obesitas te verklaren. Daarom wordt er aangenomen dat er nog onbekende elementen zijn die een invloed hebben op obesitas.
Daarnaast heeft mijn onderzoek aangetoond dat nanoplastiek zou kunnen leiden tot verhoogde kans op obesitas. Dit omdat de partikels kunnen zorgen voor extra vervetting in de cellen en ontstekingsreacties kunnen initiëren die gelijkaardig zijn aan de reacties in de cellen van patiënten met obesitas.
Hieruit kunnen we concluderen dat plastiek mogelijks één van de onbekende elementen is die leidt tot een stijging in het aantal obesitas patiënten.
Wat we hebben geleerd
- Plastiek afval degradeert tot zeer kleine plastiekdeeltjes die mogelijks gevaarlijk zijn voor mens, dier en natuur. Om extra ophoping van micro- en nanoplastiek te voorkomen kan je maar beter je afval goed sorteren, zo weinig mogelijk plastiek gebruiken en zeker niets in de natuur laten rondslingeren.
- Plastiekdeeltjes kunnen het lichaam binnendringen en daar interageren met de cellen. De exacte effecten van de plastiekdeeltjes op de cellen zijn nog niet helemaal gekend, er is dus meer onderzoek nodig.
- Mijn onderzoek geeft aan dat plastiekdeeltjes de kans op obesitas kan vergroten. Om deze hypothese wetenschappelijk te bewijzen is meer onderzoek noodzakelijk.
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