Samen sterk: mieren en roofmijten op tripsenjacht!
Californische tripsen: een bedreiging voor onze gewassen
Zowel roofmijten als mieren spelen als predatoren een belangrijke rol in de bestrijding van Californische tripsen (Frankliniella occidentalis), maar hun gezamenlijke inzet levert nog betere resultaten op! Als je in de zomer door de velden fietst en kleine, langwerpige, donkere insecten op je kleding terugvindt, dan zijn dit waarschijnlijk Californische tripsen. Tripsen zijn kleine insecten waarvan er vele soorten bestaan, waaronder de Californische trips. Hoewel deze beestjes op het eerste gezicht onschuldig lijken, kunnen ze in groten getale flinke schade aanrichten aan planten, waaronder belangrijke land- en tuinbouwgewassen. Gelukkig staan onze landbouwers er niet alleen voor in hun strijd tegen deze plaag. Ze krijgen hulp van een leger natuurlijke vijanden!
Natuurlijke vijanden als oplossing
Onder de natuurlijke vijanden van de Californische trips vallen onder andere verschillende roofmijtsoorten, waaronder ook de soort Amblyseius swirskii. Ook de rode schorpioenmier (Crematogaster scutellaris) jaagt op tripsen. Beide predatorsoorten eten graag Californische tripsen. Dit bracht onderzoekers op het idee om deze predatoren gezamenlijk in te zetten ter bestrijding van tripsen. De logische gedachte was dat ze samen wellicht beter in staat zouden zijn om deze schadelijke insecten te onderdrukken dan wanneer ze elk afzonderlijk worden ingezet. Maar de interacties tussen predatorinsecten zijn niet altijd voorspelbaar. Soms werken ze samen, soms vermijden ze elkaar en in sommige gevallen doden ze elkaar zelfs. Gelukkig hebben eerdere studies aangetoond dat de rode schorpioenmier en de roofmijt Amblyseius swirskii goed met elkaar overweg kunnen. Nog beter, wanneer ze samen worden ingezet tegen Californische tripsen, blijkt dat ze een synergetisch effect hebben: de tripsenpopulatie wordt effectiever onderdrukt dan wanneer elk van de predatoren afzonderlijk wordt ingezet. De vraag is natuurlijk hoe dit mogelijk is. Het lijkt erop dat de twee soorten predatoren elkaar op een gunstige manier beïnvloeden, wat resulteert in een grotere sterfte onder de tripsen. Dit bracht ons tot twee verschillende hypothesen die dit verschijnsel zouden kunnen verklaren.
Een eerste verklaring
Ten eerste bestaan er verschillende vormen en maten van Californische trips afhankelijk van het levensstadium waarin het insect zich bevindt. Net als veel andere insecten doorloopt de trips verschillende levensstadia: van ei tot eerstestadium nimfe, tweedestadium nimfe, prepop, pop en uiteindelijk adult (volwassene). De eerste hypothese was dat de verschillende predatoren zich wellicht op verschillende levensstadia van de trips richten. Dit idee werd getest in speciaal ontwikkelde testarena's waarin bonenplanten werden geplaatst. Tripsen werden zorgvuldig opgekweekt tot ze het gewenste levensstadium bereikten, waarna de predatoren samen met tien tripsen losgelaten werden in de testarena. Na twee dagen werden de overlevende tripsen geteld.
Uit deze experimenten bleek dat de roofmijten voornamelijk de nimfen en in mindere mate de poppen van de tripsen doodden. De mieren daarentegen richtten zich vooral op de volwassen tripsen en ook op de poppen. Dit resultaat suggereert dat mieren moeite hebben om de kleinere levensstadia van de Californische trips te detecteren, terwijl roofmijten te klein en niet sterk genoeg zijn om de volwassen tripsen aan te vallen. Hierdoor vullen de predatoren elkaar goed aan: de roofmijten richten zich op de jongere tripsen en de mieren op de wat oudere exemplaren.
Een tweede verklaring
Naast de bovenstaande hypothese was er nog een tweede mogelijke verklaring voor de samenwerking tussen de mieren en de roofmijten. Het idee was dat tripsen zich zouden verbergen in kleine ruimtes zoals bloemknoppen, gekrulde bladeren of op plaatsen met een dicht bladerdek, omdat deze ruimtes moeilijk bereikbaar zijn voor mieren (die flink wat groter zijn dan tripsen). Roofmijten daarentegen, zijn heel wat kleiner dan mieren en kunnen dus wel in deze nauwe ruimtes jagen. De aanwezigheid van mieren zou er bovendien voor kunnen zorgen dat de tripsen in hun schuilplaatsen worden gedreven, waar ze vervolgens ten prooi vallen aan de roofmijten. Dit zou kunnen betekenen dat roofmijten nog efficiënter jagen op tripsen dankzij de mieren.
Ook deze hypothese werd getest in dezelfde testarena's, waarbij op kunstmatige wijze een schuilplaats voor de Californische tripsen werd gecreëerd die niet toegankelijk was voor de mieren. De proeven duurden veertien dagen, waarna de resultaten met en zonder schuilplaats met elkaar werden vergeleken. De resultaten van deze proeven waren minder duidelijk dan bij de eerste hypothese, maar één ding was wel zeker: de aanwezigheid van schuilplaatsen beperkte het aantal tripsen dat door de mieren werd gedood, terwijl de roofmijten in combinatie met de mieren significant meer tripsen konden doden. Een interessante observatie was dat de zuigschade aan de bladeren veroorzaakt door tripsen bij de aanwezigheid van mieren geconcentreerd was op de plaats waar de schuilplaats zich bevond. Deze observatie suggereert dat mieren de tripsen naar deze schuilplaatsen drijven wat, zoals in de tweede hypothese werd geopperd, mogelijk de jacht voor de roofmijten vergemakkelijkt.
De rode schorpioenmier binnenkort in onze tuinbouwkassen?
Zowel de rode schorpioenmier als de roofmijt Amblyseius swirskii kunnen goed overleven in de Vlaamse tuinbouwkassen. In de tuinbouw wordt al geruime tijd gebruikgemaakt van biologische bestrijding, waarbij predatoren worden ingezet om plagen te beheersen. De roofmijt Amblyseius swirskii wordt al op grote schaal commercieel ingezet voor de bestrijding van verschillende plagen, waaronder Californische tripsen. De rode schorpioenmier is veelbelovend, maar wordt nog niet commercieel gebruikt. Voor deze mier is verder onderzoek nodig om vast te stellen of hij geen schade aan gewassen veroorzaakt of andere nuttige insecten verstoort.
Beide predatorsoorten zouden, met hun unieke samenwerkingsverbanden, een waardevolle bijdrage aan de bestrijding van de Californische trips kunnen leveren in serres. Hoewel de rode schorpioenmier nog niet commercieel beschikbaar is, lijkt de toekomst veelbelovend voor deze biologische bestrijder. Verdere studies zullen meer inzicht moeten geven in de rol van deze mieren en hoe ze het beste kunnen worden ingezet zonder negatieve bijwerkingen.
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