Hoe groot is het Marveluniversum nu echt?
Toen Marvel Studios in 2008 de superheldenfilm Iron Man uitbracht, had niemand kunnen denken dat die ene film zou uitgroeien tot het gigantische Marvel Cinematic Universe (of MCU), met 37 films en tal van televisieseries, games en zelfs pretparkattracties – die allemaal deel uitmaken van één en hetzelfde verhaal. Maar is dat wel zo?
Om te bepalen hoe die superheldenwereld nu juist in elkaar zit, doen we beroep op Marie-Laure Ryans concept van een storyworld: de fictionele ruimte waarin verhalen zich afspelen. Alle personages, locaties, gebeurtenissen,… van een verhaal behoren dus tot de storyworld van een verhaal. En door dit toe te passen op het Marvel Cinematic Universe komen we tot een bijzondere conclusie: het MCU is niet één groot verhaal, maar een netwerk van veel intern verbonden verhalen op verschillende niveaus.
Iron Man en Thor: een vreemde match?
Neem bijvoorbeeld de superhelden Iron Man en Thor. In de Avengersfilms werken de twee altijd samen, maar in hun eigen films houden ze zich met enorm andere dingen bezig. Iron Man is een uitvinder en ingenieur die een bewapend pak heeft gemaakt en criminelen onder handen neemt, terwijl Thor een echte god is uit een andere dimensie, met kosmische krachten en een magische hamer. Dat zijn twee volledig verschillende werelden die in de solofilms van de helden niet te vereenzelvigen zijn (ook al komen die werelden samen in een cross-over zoals The Avengers). Je kan de Iron Man- of Thorfilms dus zien als kleine subfranchises met een eigen storyworld in de bredere, overkoepelende wereld van het MCU.
Alles is verbonden
Die kleinere storyworlds van de individuele personages komen allemaal samen in een ‘shared universe’, dat alle personages, locaties en regels van de verschillende subfranchises combineert. Bij elke nieuwe film moet de kijker opnieuw evalueren hoe de storyworld van het MCU exact in elkaar zit; het bestaan van goden was bijvoorbeeld ondenkbaar in het MCU tot de release van Thor, en een film als Doctor Strange introduceert tovenaars in het shared universum. De wereld van het MCU wordt meer en meer uitgebouwd met elke film, reeks, game en pretparkattractie, maar daardoor ontstaan ook onregelmatigheden. Hoe kan Iron Man vandaag de dag mensen begroeten in een attractie in Disneyland als dat personage gestorven is in de film Avengers: Endgame? Waar zat de Netflix-superheld Daredevil toen de Avengers Thanos wilden verslaan in Avengers: Endgame?
Het multiversum
Om die vragen op te lossen, moeten we beseffen dat het MCU niet één groot universum is met verschillende personages en verhalen, maar wel een overkoepelend multiversum, dat verschillende narratieve universa omvat. Kijk maar naar een film als Spider-Man: No Way Home, die het concept van een zogenoemd ‘multiversum’ omarmt; de Spider-Man gespeeld door Tom Holland wordt bijgestaan door twee andere Spider-Men, gespeeld door Tobey Maguire en Andrew Garfield, die hun rollen uit een eerdere franchise hernemen. Het gaat in dit geval om verschillende storyworlds die toch samenkomen, en deze meerdere universa vormen een multi-versum. Verschillende storyworlds die met elkaar interageren zorgt ervoor dat het MCU in haar breedste vorm een container is voor verschillende universa, en dat zorgt er dan weer voor dat de verhalen van het MCU op verschillende manieren begrepen kunnen worden. Een film als Iron Man is op deze manier narratief gelimiteerd, maar maakt ook deel uit van een gigantisch geheel, waarin verhalen samenkomen zowel binnen eenzelfde universum als interageren met andere universa.
Het Marvel Cinematic Universe is, met andere woorden, een gigantisch uitgebreid netwerk van verhalen die op verschillende niveaus opereren en geïnterpreteerd kunnen worden. Je kan een superheldenverhaal vaak als een individueel verhaal bekijken, maar ook als deel van een shared universum met verschillende personages, en zelfs als deel van een storyworld die interageert met andere storyworlds binnen een multiversum. De narratieve structuur van een multimediafranchise zoals het MCU is gelaagd en complex, en verdient grondige analyse.
Bibliografie
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Body of works
(For films, I listed the directors as primary creators, because they are known for having the most creative control. As television series often have multiple directors with shared creative control, I refer to their creators.)
Abnett, Dan, et al. Marvel’s Guardians of the Galaxy Prelude. Marvel Comics, 2014.
Agatha All Along. Created by Jac Schaeffer et al., Marvel Television, 2024.
Ant-Man. Directed by Peyton Reed, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, 2015.
Ant-Man and the Wasp. Directed by Peyton Reed, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, 2018.
Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania. Directed by Peyton Reed, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, 2023.
Avengers: Age of Ultron. Directed by Joss Whedon, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, 2015.
Avengers: Endgame. Directed by Anthony Russo and Joe Russo, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, 2019.
Avengers: Infinity War. Directed by Anthony Russo and Joe Russo, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, 2018.
Black Panther. Directed by Ryan Coogler, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, 2018.
Blade. Directed by Stephen Norrington, New Line Cinema, 1998.
Captain America: Brave New World. Directed by Julius Onah, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, 2025.
Captain America: Civil War. Directed by Anthony Russo and Joe Russo, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, 2016.
Captain America: The First Avenger. Directed by Joe Johnston, Paramount Pictures, 2011.
Captain America: The Winter Soldier. Directed by Anthony Russo and Joe Russo, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, 2014.
Captain Marvel. Directed by Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, 2019.
Cloak & Dagger. Created by Joe Pokaski, ABC Signature Studios et al., 2018-2019.
Daredevil. Created by Drew Goddard, ABC Studios et al., 2015-2018.
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Daredevil: Born Again. Created by by Dario Scardapane et al., Marvel Television, 2025.
Deadpool. Directed by Tim Miller, 20th Century Fox, 2016.
Deadpool & Wolverine. Directed by Shawn Levy, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, 2024.
Deadpool 2. Directed by David Leitch, 20th Century Fox, 2018.
Doctor Strange. Directed by Scott Derrickson, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, 2016.
Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness. Directed by Sam Raimi, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, 2022.
Elektra. Directed by Rob Bowman, 20th Century Fox, 2005.
Eternals. Directed by Chloé Zhao, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, 2021.
Fantastic Four. Directed by Tim Story, 20th Century Fox, 2005.
Guardians of the Galaxy. Directed by James Gunn, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, 2014.
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. Directed by James Gunn, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, 2017.
Hawkeye. Created by Jonathan Igla, Marvel Studios, 2021.
Inhumans. Created by Scott Buck, ABC Studios et al., 2017.
Iron Fist. Created by Scott Buck, ABC Studios et al., 2017-2018.
Iron Man. Directed by Jon Favreau, Paramount Pictures, 2008.
Iron Man. Directed by Jeff Hattem et al., Sega, 2008. Video game.
Iron Man 2. Directed by Jon Favreau, Paramount Pictures, 2010.
Jessica Jones. Created by Melissa Rosenberg, ABC Studios et al., 2015-2019.
Logan. Directed by James Mangold, 20th Century Fox, 2017.
Loki. Created by Michael Waldron, Marvel Studios, 2021-2023.
“1893”. Loki, directed by Kasra Farahani, season 2 episode 3, Marvel Studios, 2023.
Luke Cage. Created by Cheo Hodari Coker, ABC Studios and Marvel Television, 2016-2018.
Marvel’s The Avengers. Directed by Joss Whedon, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, 2012.
Moon Knight. Created by Jeremy Slater, Marvel Studios, 2022.
Morbius. Directed by Daniel Espinosa, Sony Pictures Releasing, 2022.
Ms. Marvel. Created by Bisha K. Ali, Marvel Studios, 2022.
“Pilot”. Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., directed by Joss Whedon, season 1 episode 1, ABC Studios, 2013.
Runaways. Created by Stephanie Savage and Josh Schwartz, ABC Signature Studios et al., 2017-2019.
Spider-Man. Directed by Sam Raimi, Sony Pictures Releasing, 2002.
Spider-Man 2. Directed by Sam Raimi, Sony Pictures Releasing, 2004.
Spider-Man 3. Directed by Sam Raimi, Sony Pictures Releasing, 2007.
Spider-Man: Far From Home. Directed by Jon Watts, Sony Pictures Releasing, 2019.
Spider-Man: Homecoming. Directed by Jon Watts, Sony Pictures Releasing, 2017.
Spider-Man: No Way Home. Directed by Jon Watts, Sony Pictures Releasing, 2021.
Team Thor. Directed by Taika Waititi, Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment, 2016.
The Amazing Spider-Man. Directed by Marc Webb, Sony Pictures Releasing, 2012.
The Amazing Spider-Man 2. Directed by Marc Webb, Sony Pictures Releasing, 2014.
The Daily Bugle. Directed by Jon Watts, 2019-2022.
The Falcon and the Winter Soldier. Created by Malcolm Spellman, Marvel Studios, 2021.
The Fantastic Four: First Steps. Directed by Matt Shakman, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, 2025.
The Good, The Bart, and the Loki. Directed by David Silverman, Disney Platform Distribution, 2021.
The Incredible Hulk. Directed by Louis Leterrier, Universal Pictures, 2008.
The Marvels. Directed by Nia DaCosta, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, 2023.
Thor. Directed by Kenneth Branagh, Paramount Pictures, 2011.
Thor: Love and Thunder. Directed by Taika Waititi, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, 2022.
Thor: Ragnarok. Directed by Taika Waititi, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, 2017.
Thor: The Dark World. Directed by Alan Taylor, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, 2013.
Thunderbolts*. Directed by Jake Schreier, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, 2025.
Venom: Let There Be Carnage. Directed by Andy Serkis, Sony Pictures Releasing, 2021.
Venom: The Last Dance. Directed by Kelly Marcel, Sony Pictures Releasing, 2024.
WandaVision. Created by Jac Schaeffer, Marvel Studios, 2021.
What If...? Created by A.C. Bradley, Marvel Studios Animation, 2021-2024.
X-Men. Directed by Bryan Singer, 20th Century Fox, 2000.
Yost, Chris, and Eric Pearson. Fury’s Big Week. Marvel Comics, 2012.
