Een blik in de darmen van de orka: wat microben ons leren over vervuiling in zee
Een blik in de darmen van de orka: wat microben ons leren over vervuiling in zee
In sommige orkapopulaties zijn de concentraties van giftige stoffen zoals PCB’s zo hoog dat ze tot wel 1.300 keer hoger liggen dan wat bij mensen als veilig wordt beschouwd (bron: Phys.org, 2018). Deze cijfers tonen hoe zwaar deze zeezoogdieren de last van menselijke vervuiling dragen. De oceanen raken immers steeds sterker vervuild met persistente organische polluenten (POP’s) – giftige stoffen zoals pesticiden, vlamvertragers en industriële chemicaliën die nauwelijks afbreken. Deze polluenten stapelen zich op in de voedselketen en bereiken bijzonder hoge concentraties in toppredatoren zoals orka’s. Daardoor gelden orka’s als belangrijke indicatorsoorten voor de gezondheid van het mariene milieu. In mijn masterthesis onderzocht ik het darmmicrobioom van verschillende orka’s en de genetische capaciteit van dit microbioom om zulke vervuilende stoffen af te breken.
Een unieke blik in het spijsverteringsstelsel
Toen in oktober 2023 een orka aanspoelde in De Panne, bood dat een zeldzame kans om het darmmicrobioom van deze dieren te bestuderen. De tijdens de stranding verzamelde stalen vormden de basis voor mijn onderzoek, waarin ik de microbiële samenstelling van het volledige darmstelsel van de orka analyseerde – van de dunne darm tot de endeldarm.
De resultaten toonden dat de microbiële gemeenschappen sterk varieerden tussen de verschillende darmregio’s. Daarnaast bleek dat de diversiteit aan micro-organismen toenam richting het einde van het spijsverteringskanaal, wat wijst op een complexe en veranderlijke microbiële ecologie doorheen de darm.
Genetisch potentieel voor vervuilingsafbraak
Een opvallend resultaat was de aanwezigheid van genen die betrokken kunnen zijn bij de afbraak van persistente organische polluenten, waaronder pesticiden (zoals DDT), vlamvertragers (HBCD) en industriële bijproducten (HCH).
Bij een vergelijking met in gevangenschap levende orka’s kwam een intrigerend verschil naar boven. Het bleek dat captieve orka’s in het algemeen hogere hoeveelheden van deze genen bezaten, terwijl de wilde orka uit De Panne een grotere variëteit aan potentiële afbraakgenen vertoonde. Dat verschil kan wijzen op een uiteenlopende blootstelling aan vervuilende stoffen in het wild versus gevangenschap.
Een eerste stap naar beter begrip
Met dit onderzoek leverde ik de eerste uitgebreide karakterisering van het darmmicrobioom van een orka, en onderzocht ik hoe deze micro-organismen genetische functies bezitten die verband kunnen houden met de afbraak van milieuvervuilende stoffen.
Hoewel nog niet bekend is of deze microben daadwerkelijk bijdragen aan de volledige afbraak van polluenten of een effect hebben op de gezondheid van de orka zelf, tonen mijn resultaten aan dat de orka-darm een complexe en potentieel belangrijke microbiële wereld herbergt. Verdere studies kunnen helpen om beter te begrijpen hoe mariene dieren en hun microben reageren op toenemende chemische vervuiling in de oceanen.
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