Zuid-Afrika t. Israël: discours als wapen bij het Internationaal Gerechtshof
Steeds vaker gebruiken staten het Genocideverdrag om via het Internationaal Gerechtshof (IGH) een narratief te verspreiden – niet enkel om een vonnis af te dwingen, maar ook om gehoord te worden op het wereldtoneel.
Van rechtszaal tot wereldpodium
“Het heeft toch geen zin. Ze leven de regels toch niet na.”
Die opmerking hoor je vaak wanneer het gaat over het internationaal recht. Vonnissen worden genegeerd, voorlopige maatregelen geschonden, machtige staten blijven buiten schot en ze blijven koppig hun eigen koers varen. Dus waarom nog geloven in juridische stappen als het geweld gewoon doorgaat?
In mijn masterthesis ontdekte ik dat deze procedures, hoe tandenloos ze soms lijken, een andere, onderschatte kracht hebben: ze functioneren als megafoon. Als plek waar verhalen verteld worden die elders worden weggeduwd.
Zuid-Afrika’s aanklacht als "parrhesia"
Zuid-Afrika klaagde Israël aan voor genocide in Gaza. En hoewel het Hof voorlopige maatregelen oplegde, bleef de juridische impact beperkt: de gevechten gingen door en internationale steun voor Israël bleef grotendeels overeind. Toch was deze procedure meer dan louter een juridische zet. Het raakt mij wanneer deze acties worden afgedaan als “symbolisch” of “tandenloos”, want volgens mij hebben ze wel degelijk een meerwaarde, alleen ligt die niet altijd binnen de grenzen van het strikt juridische.
Wat wél veranderde, was het discursieve landschap. Via het IGH werd een krachtig tegenverhaal gelanceerd, niet in de marge, maar binnen een forum met wereldwijde autoriteit. In een context waarin Israël internationaal vaak als slachtoffer wordt gezien, kreeg nu ook een narratief weerklank waarin Israël als mogelijke dader werd benoemd. Een narratief dat juridisch onderbouwd werd, op tientallen pagina’s, en gestaafd met objectieve rapporten, cijfermateriaal en getuigenissen.
Mijn analyse vertrok vanuit Michel Foucaults theorie over regimes of truth: systemen waarin bepaalde kennis dominant wordt en andere stemmen worden uitgesloten. In die context las ik Zuid-Afrika’s aanklacht als een vorm van parrhēsia: de moedige daad om op te staan en de waarheid te spreken, zelfs wanneer die waarheid politiek onwelkom is.
Door de juridische arena te betreden, beging Zuid-Afrika een daad van discursieve confrontatie.
Niet omdat men dacht dat deze genocidezaak op slag alles zou oplossen, maar omdat het IGH een plek is waar een verhaal met gezag verteld kan worden - en waar woorden kunnen resoneren, ook buiten de muren van het recht.
Het recht als megafoon: hoe een verhaal weerklank vond
Maar hoe onderzoek je of zo’n aanklacht ook buiten de rechtbank iets teweegbrengt? Ik ging op zoek naar sporen in twee invloedrijke arena’s: de Amerikaanse media en het diplomatieke taalgebruik van de VS in de VN-veiligheidsraad.
In de pers bleef het dominante verhaal grotendeels overeind, al begon het tegenverhaal stilaan mee te klinken. Artikels verwezen vaker naar het proces, haalden passages uit de klacht aan en lieten ook, zij het beperkt, ruimte voor het narratief van Zuid-Afrika. Een verhaal dat eerder nauwelijks gehoord werd, vond nu op z’n minst een klein podium. Ook in de toespraken van de VS in de VN-Veiligheidsraad verschoof de toon licht. Waar in het najaar van 2023 vooral het recht op zelfverdediging centraal stond, klonken enkele maanden later signalen van bezorgdheid over Palestijns lijden, oproepen tot terughoudendheid en omzichtige opmerkingen over het Israëlische optreden. Geen breuk, geen kantelpunt, maar wel een subtiele verandering in taalgebruik die aangeeft dat het juridische verhaal wél iets in beweging zet.
Waarom woorden ertoe doen
Mijn bevindingen tonen aan dat juridische procedures, hoe beperkt ook in afdwingbaarheid, discursief wel degelijk een impact hebben. Ze kunnen dominante waarheden in vraag stellen, alternatieve perspectieven voorleggen en beïnvloeden hoe conflicten worden geframed. Het recht functioneert hier niet als eindpunt van ‘waarheid’, maar als kanaal waarlangs waarheid kan circuleren.
In een wereld die vaak d
raait rond macht, belangen en brute realpolitik, lijkt het naïef om te geloven in de kracht van woorden. Toch toont dit onderzoek aan dat narratief en ideologie geen bijzaak zijn. Ze vormen de kern van hoe we conflicten begrijpen, van wie wij als dader of slachtoffer zien en van hoe beleid tot stand komt.
Juist daarom is het zo belangrijk dat het recht een forum blijft waar die alternatieve stemmen gehoord worden.
En dat staten, groot of klein, machtig of machteloos, via procedures zoals deze kunnen deelnemen aan het hertekenen van het morele landschap. Hierdoor verandert misschien niet alles, maar tenminste wel iets. En dat iets, die verschuiving in betekenis, in perspectief, in zichtbaarheid of overtuiging, is waardevol genoeg om voor te blijven strijden.
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