Recyclage van afvalwaterslib blijkt niet zo eenvoudig als gedacht!
45 miljoen ton, zo veel afvalslib wordt jaarlijks (!) geproduceerd tijdens het zuiveren van huishoudelijk afvalwater. Ondanks zijn grote volume, wordt deze afvalstroom vandaag de dag nog niet ten volle benut. Verbrand in enorme ovens, dat is wat ermee gebeurd, om er zo waardevolle energie uit te halen. Met de steeds toenemende focus op groene processen en materiaalhergebruik, is het belangrijk om ook voor dit bijproduct van afvalwaterzuivering een groenere toepassing te vinden. Maar is er een financiële drijfveer hiervoor? Kunnen we waardevolle producten halen uit deze afvalstroom, of blijkt verbranding de enige economische optie?
Extracellulaire polymeren als mogelijke drijfveer voor recyclage van afvalslib
Wanneer we een diepere kijk nemen in de compositie van het afvalslib, zien we dat het bestaat uit een heleboel verschillende componenten. Een van deze componenten zijn de extracellulaire polymeren, ook wel EPS genaamd. Dit zijn grote biologische moleculen, denk bijvoorbeeld aan suikers en eiwitten, die potentieel hebben om gebruikt te worden in een hele resem aan toepassingen. De mogelijkheden zijn enorm breed, gaande van gebruik als coating om materialen meer waterafstotend of brandwerend te maken, alsook als mogelijke vervanger van de commerciële, olie-gebaseerde plastics. Een derde toepassing, waarop deze thesis heeft gefocust, is het gebruik van EPS als hydrogel, een quasi vaste stof die voornamelijk bestaat uit water. Deze gels kunnen gebruikt worden voor de verwijdering van zware metalen uit de bodem, of als biologisch afbreekbare meststof, die ook nog eens veel gerichter tewerk gaat dan standaard bemesting. Deze EPS zijn dus duidelijk een potentiële drijfveer om het hergebruik van afvalwaterslib in gang te zetten.
Het verleden laat zijn sporen na op het heden
Om binnen een industriële toepassing bruikbaar te zijn, is het belangrijk dat EPS uit verschillende bronnen een zo vast mogelijke compositie hebben. Wanneer dit het geval is, kan je deze verschillende EPS’en gebruiken voor eenzelfde toepassing. Dit zorgt voor een grotere hoeveelheid geschikte grondstoffen, wat je proces makkelijker opschaalbaar maakt. Om na te gaan of EPS van verschillende bronnen ook een andere samenstelling hebben, zijn verscheidene chemische karakterisatietechnieken toegepast op EPS van verschillende bronnen. Zowel eenvoudige pure culturen, bestaande uit één type bacteriën, alsook verschillende industriële afvalslibben, die vele verschillende bacteriën bevatten, zijn bestudeerd. Er werd ook onderscheid gemaakt tussen zoutwater- en zoetwatersystemen. Deze karakterisatie toonde aan dat EPS van verschillende bronnen een unieke samenstelling hebben. Dit maakt het hergebruik van het afvalslib aanzienlijk moeilijker. Het is namelijk mogelijk dat de variabele EPS compositie leidt tot variabele eigenschappen van het eindproduct, in dit geval de hydrogel. Idealiter zouden EPS van alle verschillende origines resulteren in hydrogels met gelijke of zeer gelijkaardige eigenschappen. Om deze reden zijn de EPS afkomstig van de industriële slibben gebruikt om ook effectief hydrogels te maken, om zo het effect van de variabele compositie op de eigenschappen van de hydrogels na te gaan.
Doet het verschil in samenstelling er daadwerkelijk toe?
Met behulp van een zelfgemaakte 3D-geprinte mal zijn vier verschillende EPS hydrogels gemaakt. De stevigheid van deze gels is gemeten met behulp van een reometer, die bepaalt hoe makkelijk de hydrogels vervormen, wanneer je er een kracht op uitoefent. Hoe minder vervormbaar, hoe steviger de gel.
Afhankelijk van de toepassing is dit al dan niet gewenst. Denk bijvoorbeeld aan een matras: je wilt niet door je matras zakken, omdat ze te zacht (of niet stevig) is. Aan de andere kant slaap je ook niet graag op een te stevige matras, die aanvoelt als een baksteen. Het belang van de stevigheid van je hydrogel is dus niet te onderschatten. Uit enkele metingen bleek dat de samenstelling van de EPS een aanzienlijk effect had op de stevigheid van de hydrogel. Met deze reden is een poging gedaan om een verband te vinden tussen de compositie van de EPS en de stevigheid van diens hydrogel. Dit was helaas niet mogelijk, doordat de EPS een mengsel zijn van talloze en tot nog toe onbekende suikers en eiwitten. Het vinden van zo'n relatie was bijgevolg te complex.
EPS zijn slechts één onderdeel van het gehele afvalslib
Naast de moeilijkheidsgraad, veroorzaakt door de variabiliteit van de EPS compositie, is er nog een bijkomende moeilijkheid om ze commercieel te gaan gebruiken. EPS maken namelijk slechts één onderdeel uit van het afvalslib. Om deze reden is een extractieprotocol nodig, voordat ze gebruikt kunnen worden. Idealiter resulteert zo’n extractieprotocol in een fractie die EPS bevat en een EPS-loze pellet, die al het overige materiaal bevat. Ook dit blijkt makkelijker gezegd dan gedaan, aangezien verschillende extractieprotocols resulteren in verschillende EPS composities. Dit werd nagegaan door vier verschillende protocols met elkaar te vergelijken. Hieruit bleek dat de samenstelling van de geëxtraheerde EPS sterk afhankelijk is van het toegepaste protocol. Zelfs extracties die gebruik maken van dezelfde chemische stoffen, maar andere parameters (zoals tijd, temperatuur etc.) resulteren in een andere EPS samenstelling. Het is dus ook in dit geval belangrijk om het extractieprotocol te standaardiseren, om op deze manier zo weinig mogelijk variabiliteit te verkrijgen in de EPS compositie.
Het is dus duidelijk dat het hergebruik van afvalslib nog voor enkele grote uitdagingen staat. Een belangrijke rol in dit proces gaat naar de extracellulaire polymeren, ook wel EPS genaamd. Deze hebben enerzijds veel potentieel om gebruikt te worden in verscheidene toepassingen, anderzijds brengen deze ook enkele moeilijkheden met zich mee, zoals de afhankelijkheid van de EPS compositie op het type slib dat gebruikt is. Ook het gebrek aan een gestandaardiseerd extractieprotocol maakt dit niet makkelijker. Deze variabiliteiten hebben duidelijke effecten op het gebruik van EPS in toepassingen zoals hydrogels. Mijn studie toonde aan dat deze toepassing mogelijk is.
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