‘Back to nature’: recente technologie vormt nieuw alternatief voor kunstmatige plaagbestrijding.
40%. Dit is het geschatte aandeel aan landbouwgewassen dat verloren gaat door allerhande pesten alvorens het verwerkt kan worden in een product zoals voeding of kledij, aldus het voedselagentschap van de Verenigde Naties. In een wereld waar de problematiek rond voedselonzekerheid blijft aangroeien is dit uiteraard nefast waardoor het bestrijden van deze pesten broodnodig is. Hier komt dan vaak de discussie over het gebruik van schadelijke kunstmatige pesticiden in het spel. Maar wat als ik u vertel dat dit helemaal niet hoeft? Een lopend onderzoek, waaraan ik in het kader van mijn masterthesis toe heb bijgedragen, probeert de natuur in te schakelen voor een milieuvriendelijke maar toch economisch haalbare bestrijding van de grootste boosdoeners: insecten.
De Coloradokever (boven) en de legerrups (onder) zijn slechts enkele beruchte pestinsecten die wereldwijd respectievelijk aardappel- en graangewassen aantasten.
Kunstmatige insecticiden meer flop of top?
Kunstmatige insecticiden zijn ondertussen al zo’n 80 jaar een vaste waarde binnen de landbouw. Het verhaal begint omstreeks de jaren ’40 met het beruchte middel DDT. Hoewel het een gewenst bestrijdingseffect teweegbracht, duurde het niet lang voor de eerste bewijzen van schadelijkheid de kop op staken, en dit voor zowel de gezondheid van de natuur als van de mens. Sindsdien hebben ook andere soortgelijke middelen eenzelfde lot ondergaan.
Desondanks zijn kunstmatige pesticiden tot op vandaag nog alom vertegenwoordigd in de landbouwsector. Dit heeft vooral te maken met hun relatief goedkope productie, eenvoudige gebruik en het voorlopige gebrek aan een economisch evenwaardig alternatief.
Gebruik maken van wat de natuur ons biedt
De milieuvriendelijkere technologie die we willen hanteren heet met een wetenschappelijke term RNA interferentie, vaak afgekort tot RNAi. De naam en werking van deze technologie is het eenvoudigst uit te leggen aan de hand van een metafoor uit de industrie.
Net als planten en andere dieren zijn ook insecten opgebouwd uit cellen die elk DNA bevatten met informatie voor de aanmaak van levensnoodzakelijke stoffen. Deze cellen kan je vergelijken met fabrieken die verschillende belangrijke producten maken. Om productiefouten te vermijden, wendt de fabriek zich tot kleine instructiehandleidingen die gekopieerd worden van een grote database vol informatie (DNA). Ook die handleidingen krijgen in de wetenschap een naam: RNA.
Met de RNAi-technologie proberen we kleine stukjes papier binnen te brengen in de fabrieken die delen van de handleidingen bedekken en onleesbaar maken. Zo valt ook de aanmaak van de belangrijke producten stil en gaan de fabrieken failliet. Vanuit een wetenschappelijk oogpunt brengen we kleine stukjes nieuw RNA binnen in de cellen van de te bestrijden insecten met als doel het aanwezige RNA te blokkeren. Hierdoor mist het insect cruciale stoffen en sterft het. Een eerste pluspunt: uitgezonderd het binnenbrengen van het nieuwe RNA verloopt dit proces volledig zoals in de natuur.
Inspelen op genetica: genetisch gemodificeerde organismen (GMO)?
Meteen een volgend pluspunt: nee. Terugkerend naar het fabrieksmetafoor slaat de term GMO op onomkeerbare aanpassingen van de informatie uit de grote database (DNA). De RNAi-technologie mikt niet op deze database maar op de handleidingen (RNA) die ervan gekopieerd worden. In de natuur breken die handleidingen vanzelf snel af en moeten er vaak nieuwe kopieën gemaakt worden. Bij een bestrijdingsstop, waarbij geen nieuwe bedekkende papierstukjes meer worden toegediend, kan zo een terugkeer naar de natuurlijke situatie plaatsvinden. Dit maakt deze technologie wél omkeerbaar.
Is het mogelijk om GMO’s toch een plaats te geven in dit verhaal? Ja; bij de manier waarop de papierstukjes toegediend worden aan het insect. Het is mogelijk om de te beschermen gewassen genetisch aan te passen zodat ze de stukjes zelf aanmaken en opstapelen in de plant. Als de insecten van de plant eten, krijgen ze deze dus binnen en start het afdodingsproces. Het goede nieuws is dat dit in ons onderzoek niet van toepassing is. Wij spitsen ons op de ontwikkeling van een middel waarbij de landbouwer de stukjes op de plant dient te sproeien. Het effect is op zich identiek en op die manier kunnen ook landbouwers in gebieden waar GMO-teelt verboden is milieuvriendelijker te werk gaan.
Effect op andere planten en dieren
Ook hier kunnen we positief zijn. Als wetenschappers hebben we de mogelijkheid om de handleidingen van de insecten de we willen bestrijden in te lezen. Hierbij gaan we op zoek naar instructies die we bij fabrieken van andere planten of dieren, waaronder de mens, niet terugvinden. Door onze stukjes papier dusdanig te ontwerpen dat ze specifiek die instructies onleesbaar maken, vermijden we impact op de gezondheid van de mens, alsook het behoud van flora en fauna die we wél willen aantreffen. Denk maar aan dat schattige vlindertje of die nuttige bij. Naast hun onschadelijkheid zijn ze door hun natuurlijke aard ook sneller afbreekbaar dan kunstmatige insecticiden.
Een compleet feilloos wondermiddel?
Spijtig genoeg (nog) niet. Zoals wel vaker gooit het weer ook hier roet in het eten en raar maar waar: ditmaal hoort ook de zon hierbij. Regen en wind kunnen onze papierstukjes makkelijk van de plant spoelen of blazen waardoor de insecten deze niet opeten. De UV-straling van de zon zorgt daarnaast voor een nog snellere afbraak van de stukjes. Vanuit een ecologisch standpunt lijkt dit interessant maar een te snelle afbraak doet de werkzaamheid van de bestrijding dalen. Helaas is de keerzijde van de medaille hiermee niet afgerond. De stukjes papier zijn namelijk ook slecht bestand tegen het spijsverteringsstelsel van vele pestinsecten.
Het onderzoek focust dan ook op het ontdekken van manieren om onze papierstukjes te beschermen. We zoeken als het ware naar een geschikte jas als pantser tegen weer, wind en het spijsverteringsstelsel. De uitdaging: deze jas mag zelf niet schadelijk zijn voor plant, dier en mens. De thesis leverde alvast enkele nuttige bevindingen en potentiële kandidaat-jassen op. Verdere testen zullen ook nog de dodende werking van de RNAi-technologie tegen verschillende types pestinsecten moeten aantonen. En wie weet vinden we binnenkort wel een manier om niet enkel pestinsecten, maar ook het overmatig gebruik van kunstmatige insecticiden te verdelgen.
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