“Kleine steken, grote sporen”: hoe subtiele en openlijke discriminatie het mentaal welzijn van Afrikaanse Belgen raakt
Raciale microagressies (Microaggression) én openlijke intimidatie (Harassment) laten duidelijke sporen na in het mentaal welzijn van mensen met een Sub-Saharaanse herkomst in België. Uit een grootschalige ROAM-BE-bevraging blijkt: meer discriminatie gaat samen met meer angstklachten, slechtere slaap en lagere levenstevredenheid. De impact verschilt bovendien per positie in de samenleving.
Waarom dit ertoe doet
Niet alle discriminatie is zichtbaar. Naast openlijke vijandigheid zijn er de microagressies: ogenschijnlijk kleine, alledaagse steken, zoals iemand die zijn tas dichter naar zich toe trekt, een afwijzende blik, … die samen een groot effect hebben. De subtiele vormen zijn veelvoorkomend en worden vaak geminimaliseerd, terwijl ze aantoonbaar samenhangen met slechtere mentale gezondheidsuitkomsten.
“Het gaat niet alleen om openlijke vijandigheid; de kleine, alledaagse vormen van discriminatie laten eveneens diepe sporen na,” zegt masterstudent Paloma Moerenhout. “Onze data tonen een duidelijk dose-respons-patroon: hoe meer soorten discriminatie, hoe slechter de uitkomsten.”
Wat is onderzocht?
Dit artikel bouwt op de ROAM-BE-survey (2024–2025) bij 923 deelnemers van Sub-Saharaanse herkomst, afgenomen in Brussel, Vlaanderen en Wallonië. De studie mat zowel microaggression als harassment met gevalideerde schalen, en linkte die aan vier indicatoren van mentaal welzijn: angst, slaapkwaliteit, levenstevredenheid en algemeen welbevinden. Deze cross-sectionele studie onderzocht wat het effect van deze vormen van raciale discriminatie is op de mentale gezondheid en keek daarbovenop nog eens vanuit een intersectioneel perspectief, welke individueën daar het meest door getroffen zijn.
De kernbevindingen in mensentaal
Meer discriminatie = slechtere gezondheidsuitkomsten. Zowel microaggression als harassment hangen samen met meer angst, slechtere slaap en lagere levenstevredenheid. Het gaat niet om een alles-of-niets-effect, maar om een geleidelijke opstapeling: hoe meer vormen iemand ervaart, hoe sterker het mentaal welzijn eronder lijdt. Deze dose-responsrelatie toont dat zelfs relatief ‘kleine’ ervaringen, zoals systematische microagressies, op termijn een grote psychologische tol kunnen eisen.
Het algemeen welbevinden bleef gemiddeld niet significant verschillend tussen groepen die zowel werden blootgesteld aan Microaggression als harassment. Dit betekent niet dat discriminatie geen impact heeft, maar wel dat het eerst zichtbaar wordt op specifieke domeinen van mentaal welzijn (angst, slaap, tevredenheid). Pas wanneer discriminatie langdurig en structureel aanwezig is, kan dit zich vertalen naar een algemene vermindering van welzijn.
Microagressies worden vaak onderschat. Omdat ze subtieler zijn, erkennen slachtoffers ze soms zelf niet meteen als discriminatie. Toch toonden de analyses dat ook deze alledaagse ervaringen duidelijke negatieve gevolgen hebben, zeker in combinatie met openlijkere vormen van uitsluiting.
Voor wie is de impact het grootst? (intersectioneel bekeken)
De studie keek verder dan gemiddelden en onderzocht moderatoren — posities die de impact versterken of dempen. De analyses tonen dat discriminatie niet iedereen op dezelfde manier treft. Bepaalde maatschappelijke posities kunnen de impact versterken of net temperen.
- Taalvaardigheid: Bij respondenten met matige kennis van de regionale taal zagen we de sterkste dalingen in slaapkwaliteit en levenstevredenheid bij harassment. Wie lage taalvaardigheid heeft, ervaart vaak al structurele uitsluiting en scoort daardoor minder fluctuerend. Bij zeer hoge taalvaardigheid bieden sociale netwerken en copingmechanismen bescherming. Vooral de middengroep wordt het hardst geraakt: genoeg vaardig om vaak met de samenleving in contact te komen, maar nog kwetsbaar om uitsluiting te voelen.
- Inkomen: Financiële moeilijkheden voorspellen op zichzelf al slechter mentaal welzijn, sterker dan hun rol als moderator. Een zwakke sociaaleconomische positie vormt dus al een zware last, die door uitsluiting nog zwaarder wordt — een dubbele kwetsbaarheid, materieel én psychologisch.
- Gender: Vrouwen en mannen reageren verschillend. Voor vrouwen is de link tussen microagressies en angst minder sterk, mogelijk door grotere alertheid en ervaring met sociale spanningen. Harassment weegt echter zwaarder door: openlijke bedreigingen tasten hun veiligheidsgevoel sterker aan en verslechteren slaap en tevredenheid. Genderrollen en verwachtingen bepalen dus mee hoe discriminatie beleefd wordt.
- Verblijfsstatus: Respondenten met een onzekere of tijdelijke status rapporteren gemiddeld lagere mentale gezondheid. Toch is de koppeling tussen discriminatie en angst soms zwakker, wellicht omdat ze uitsluiting zien als voorspelbare realiteit en er emotioneel afstandelijker mee omgaan. Dit betekent echter niet ongevoeligheid, maar dat hun basiswelzijn al verlaagd is, waardoor bijkomende discriminatie minder extra verschil lijkt te maken.
Hoe werd gemeten? (kort en helder)
- Harassment: vijf vragen uit EU-MIDIS II (o.a. bedreiging met geweld).
- Microagressies: vijf items gemodificeerd uit EU-MIDIS II (bv. iemand grijpt naar zijn tas als je passeert).
- Antwoorden op 7-puntsschalen; voor analyses zowel continu als in categorieën gebruikt. Mentaal welzijn: WHO-5, PHQ-items voor angst, en 0–10-schalen voor slaap en levenstevredenheid.
Wat betekent dit voor beleid en praktijk?
- Erkenning van microagressies: Het beleid focust vaak op openlijke discriminatie, maar moet ook subtiele vormen zichtbaar en bespreekbaar maken. Training en sensibilisering in scholen, werkplekken en de zorgsector kunnen helpen om alledaagse patronen te doorbreken.
- Taalbeleid: De analyses suggereren dat vooral mensen met een gemiddelde taalvaardigheid kwetsbaar zijn. Investeren in toegankelijke en flexibele taalondersteuning kan voorkomen dat zij tussen de mazen van het net vallen.
- Armoedebestrijding als gezondheidsbeleid: Omdat financiële moeilijkheden zo sterk samenhangen met slechter mentaal welzijn, zijn sociaaleconomische maatregelen zoals stabiele huisvesting, werkgelegenheid en inkomenssteun ook indirecte gezondheidsinterventies.
- Gendergevoelige aanpak: Beleidsmakers moeten rekening houden met de manier waarop mannen en vrouwen discriminatie ervaren. Specifieke programma’s kunnen vrouwen ondersteunen bij het omgaan met de veiligheids- en gezondheidsimpact van harassment.
- Verblijfsstatus en zekerheid: Structurele maatregelen die de verblijfszekerheid van migranten vergroten, kunnen ook een buffer vormen tegen psychologische belasting.
“Als we de onzichtbare laag van microagressies erkennen en aanpakken, winnen we dubbel: minder psychische belasting én meer maatschappelijke samenhang,” aldus Moerenhout.
Over het project
De masterproef werd uitgevoerd binnen ROAM-BE, gecoördineerd door Belgische universiteiten (UCLouvain, ULB, UGent, IRD) en gefinancierd door de Koning Boudewijnstichting. Doel: met een grootschalige survey inzicht geven in situatie, ervaringen, successen en drempels van mensen van Sub-Saharaanse herkomst in België. (projectkader zoals door jou aangeleverd)
Faculteit & opleiding: Faculteit Geneeskunde en Gezondheidswetenschappen, Master of Science in de Gezondheidsbevordering (UGent). Promotor: prof. dr. Sorana Toma; co-promotor: prof. dr. Els Clays.
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