From Bullets to Beans: Can Cooperatives Brew Peace in the Coffee Hills of Conflict-Vulnerable Southern Philippines?

Moh. Shanizee
Sarabi

Patikul (Sulu, Zuid-Filipijnen) — In de nevelige heuvels van Sulu ruilen voormalige rebellen hun geweren in voor koffiebessen. En daarmee brouwen ze misschien iets zeldzamers dan cafeïne: vrede.


Op de binnenplaats van de lokale Kantitap Consumers Cooperative worden zakken bonen gewogen, papieren ondertekend en verhalen gedeeld. Voor veel voormalige Moro-strijders is de coöperatie niet zomaar een handelscentrum. Het is een vangnet, een bron van inkomen, en bovenal een weg terug naar de gemeenschap.

 

Ik reisde naar deze door conflict getroffen provincie om te begrijpen of coöperaties kunnen helpen levens weer op te bouwen. De reis vergde lange vluchten, boottochten en zorgvuldige coördinatie met lokale gidsen door gebieden waar de spanning nog tastbaar is. Gedurende twee maanden van face-to-face interviews sprak ik met 101 ex-rebellen om te onderzoeken hoe coöperatief lidmaatschap hun economische en sociale situatie beïnvloedt. Met behulp van gestructureerde enquêtes en statistische modellen bekeek ik hoe lidmaatschap samenhangt met productiviteit, inkomen en sociaal kapitaal.

 

Wat de data onthullen

Uitzicht op de voortuin van de lokale coöperatie in Sulu, Zuid-Filipijnen

Leden van de Kantitap-coöperatie rapporteren een hogere productiviteit, stabielere financiën en sterkere banden binnen de gemeenschap dan niet-leden. Ze profiteren ook van opleidingen en georganiseerde markttoegang — de essentiële bouwstenen voor duurzame bestaansmiddelen na een conflict.
Toch vertellen de cijfers ook een subtieler verhaal: coöperaties bloeien pas echt als ze ondersteund worden door degelijke infrastructuur, transparant bestuur en toegang tot betrouwbare markten. Ze zijn krachtige instrumenten voor re-integratie, maar geen wondermiddel.

 

De menselijke kant van vredesopbouw

Zoals één respondent me zei: na jaren van oorlog “moet je opnieuw vechten — voor je familie, voor eten op tafel.” 

Die vastberadenheid drijft velen naar collectieve productie en gezamenlijke marketing. Hun ervaringen herinneren ons eraan dat economische inclusie en sociale heling hand in hand moeten gaan.
Vredesopbouw draait evenzeer om het herstellen van relaties als om het heropbouwen van infrastructuur. Wanneer gemeenschappen samenwerken, delen en elkaar ondersteunen, herstellen ze het sociale weefsel dat door conflict is verscheurd. Vertrouwen, samenwerking en een gedeeld doel vormen zo de fundamenten van blijvende stabiliteit — en tonen dat herstel niet enkel in inkomsten te meten valt, maar ook in de kracht van de banden die samenlevingen weer heel maken.

 

Waarom het ertoe doet

De Bangsamoro-regio produceert een aanzienlijk deel van de Filipijnse koffie. Coöperaties zoals Kantitap maken van dat potentieel iets dat verder reikt dan winst: ze maken vrede tastbaar. Mijn onderzoek toont hoe gemeenschapsgerichte bedrijfsmodellen de erfenis van conflict kunnen omvormen tot een vredesdividend — inkomen, vertrouwen en sociale verbondenheid.

 

Van onderzoek naar beleid

De bevindingen wijzen op concrete stappen om deze inzichten om te zetten in actie. Coöperaties hebben nood aan sterkere management- en boekhoudkundige vaardigheden, zodat leden ze efficiënt en transparant kunnen runnen. Investeringen in betere transport- en opslagfaciliteiten zouden verliezen verminderen en boeren stabielere opbrengsten geven. Betrouwbare en tijdige betalingen versterken het vertrouwen, terwijl inclusieve besluitvorming ervoor zorgt dat ook vrouwen en jongeren mee profiteren.


Samen maken deze maatregelen het lidmaatschap van coöperaties aantrekkelijk én duurzaam. En, misschien nog belangrijker, ze helpen voorkomen dat dergelijke organisaties de ongelijkheden herhalen die ze juist wilden overwinnen.

 

Van kennis naar betekenis

Als onderzoekers en ontwikkelingswerkers moeten we ervoor zorgen dat de kennis die we opdoen, ook daadwerkelijk verschil maakt. Het versterken van gemeenschapscoöperaties biedt een schaalbare, cultureel verankerde weg naar conflicttransformatie — één waarin elke kop koffie een kleine stap is richting duurzame vrede.

 

Werelden verbinden

Dit onderzoek verbindt de dagelijkse realiteit van de koffieboeren in Sulu met mondiale gesprekken over ontwapening, demobilisatie en re-integratie. Het heeft ook een persoonlijke betekenis: voor zover bekend ben ik de eerste student geboren in Sulu die afstudeerde aan de Universiteit Gent — een symbolische brug tussen de academische excellentie van Vlaanderen en een van Zuidoost-Azië’s meest complexe postconflictregio’s.


Van Gent tot Sulu toont deze reis dat vrede kan beginnen met iets eenvoudigs en gedeelds als een kop koffie. En nu Belgische consumenten steeds vaker kiezen voor eerlijke en ethische koffiebonen, herinnert dit onderzoek ons eraan dat elke slok kan bijdragen aan herstel, ver voorbij Europa.

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Universiteit of Hogeschool
Universiteit Gent
Thesis jaar
2025
Promotor(en)
Marijke D'Haese, Wannes Slosse
Kernwoorden