CO₂ vangen met plasticafval?
430,9 miljoen ton. Zoveel plastic werd wereldwijd geproduceerd in 2024. Een materiaal dat we bijna overal gebruiken, zorgt voor een steeds groter afvalprobleem en tegelijk een koolstofprobleem. Wat als we die koolstof niet verbranden als CO₂, maar omvormen tot een materiaal dat zelf CO₂ kan opvangen?
Afval = grondstof
CO₂ is één van de belangrijkste broeikasgassen die bijdragen aan de opwarming van de aarde. Zonder bijkomende maatregelen kunnen de jaarlijkse CO₂-emissies tegen 2050 oplopen tot 48 à 55 gigaton. De omschakeling van fossiele brandstoffen naar duurzamere energiebronnen kan veel uitstoot verminderen, maar sommige sectoren, zoals de staal- en cementindustrie, zijn moeilijk volledig koolstofvrij te maken. Daarom zal naast het verminderen van uitstoot ook het opvangen van CO₂ een belangrijke rol spelen.
Een mogelijkheid om CO₂ op te vangen is adsorptie. Daarbij hechten CO₂-moleculen zich aan het oppervlak van een vast materiaal. Vooral materialen met veel kleine poriën zijn hiervoor interessant, omdat ze binnenin een heel groot oppervlak kunnen hebben waarop CO₂ kan worden vastgehouden. Geactiveerde koolstoffen zijn veelbelovende adsorbenten, omdat ze erg poreus kunnen worden gemaakt, stabiel zijn en na gebruik kunnen worden geregenereerd en hergebruikt. Waarom zouden we daarvoor nieuwe grondstoffen gebruiken als plasticafval zelf al grotendeels uit koolstof bestaat? Door moeilijk recycleerbaar plastic om te zetten in poreuze koolstof ontstaat een dubbel voordeel: afval krijgt opnieuw waarde en het nieuwe materiaal kan worden ingezet om CO₂ op te vangen. Vanuit dit idee onderzocht ik of PET-afval en sigarettenpeuken konden worden omgezet in zulke poreuze koolstofmaterialen.
Hiervoor gebruikte ik autogene drukcarbonisatie (APC). Hierbij wordt het afval verhit in een gesloten reactor. In tegenstelling tot klassieke pyrolyse kunnen vluchtige afbraakproducten niet zomaar ontsnappen. De druk in de reactor bouwt vanzelf op en bevordert verdere reacties, waardoor meer koolstof in het vaste product kan worden behouden. Voor de productie van actieve kool werd voor de verhitting kaliumhydroxide (KOH) aan het versneden afval toegevoegd. Zo vonden carbonisatie en activatie in één processtap plaats. Tijdens deze behandeling ontstaan kleine poriën en wordt het interne oppervlak sterk vergroot. Het resultaat is een poreuze actieve kool die als adsorbens voor CO₂ kan worden gebruikt. PET-afval en sigarettenpeuken werden zowel afzonderlijk als in een mengsel van beide verwerkt.
Vijf tennisvelden in één gram
Sigarettenpeuken zijn alomtegenwoordig in het straatbeeld. Hun filters bestaan hoofdzakelijk uit celluloseacetaat, een kunststof die na gebruik langdurig in het straatbeeld en uiteindelijk in het milieu kan blijven. APC bleek in staat om ook deze filters om te zetten in een koolstofrijk materiaal. Deze koolstof had al vóór verdere activatie een intern oppervlak van ongeveer 252 vierkante meter per gram. De hoeveelheid actieve kool was echter te klein om de prestaties ervan volledig te onderzoeken.
PET-afval leverde uiteindelijk de meest veelbelovende resultaten op. Na KOH-activatie steeg het specifieke oppervlak van de actieve kool van 2,7 naar 1205 vierkante meter per gram. Dat betekent dat één gram actieve kool door zijn netwerk van minuscule poriën bijna vijf tennisvelden aan intern oppervlak bevat. Tegelijk ontstond een microporeuze structuur, precies het soort structuur waarin CO₂ goed kan worden vastgehouden. Net dat grote interne oppervlak maakt poreuze koolstof interessant: hoe meer oppervlak en geschikte kleine poriën, hoe meer plaatsen er zijn waar CO₂-moleculen zich kunnen vasthechten. Het onderzoek toont daarmee aan dat moeilijk recycleerbaar PET-afval kan worden omgezet in een poreus koolstofmateriaal met potentieel voor CO₂-afvang. Daarmee kan moeilijk recycleerbaar afval een nieuwe, hoogwaardige functie krijgen.
Een mengsel van PET en sigarettenfilters bleek daarentegen geen extra voordeel op te leveren: het ontwikkelde nauwelijks porositeit en er werd geen positieve synergie gevonden.
Dat potentieel bleek ook uit de CO₂-opnametesten. De actieve kool uit PET nam 8,5 tot 9,8 millimol CO₂ per gram op. Die waarden liggen opvallend hoog: vergelijkbare geactiveerde koolstoffen uit afval behalen in de literatuur doorgaans 2,7 tot 4,8 millimol per gram. Een eerdere studie waarin PET eveneens via APC en KOH-activatie werd verwerkt, rapporteerde bijvoorbeeld ongeveer 4,4 millimol per gram. Toch betekent dit niet dat deze actieve kool plots dubbel zo goed presteert. De metingen waren verkennend en bereikten nog geen evenwicht. Bovendien kunnen naast fysieke adsorptie ook andere interacties hebben bijgedragen aan de gemeten massatoename. De resultaten moeten daarom worden gezien als een veelbelovend principebewijs, niet als een definitieve adsorptiecapaciteit.
Wat betekent dit in de praktijk?
Of zo’n actieve kool uiteindelijk ook buiten het laboratorium kan worden toegepast, hangt echter van meer af dan alleen hoeveel CO₂ het kan opnemen. Het proces moet ook economisch en energetisch zinvol zijn. Het proces vereist hoge temperaturen en, voor de activatie, chemicaliën zoals KOH. Bij verdere ontwikkeling moet daarom worden onderzocht hoeveel energie en chemicaliën nodig zijn. Ook moet worden onderzocht hoeveel materiaal uiteindelijk wordt geproduceerd en hoe vaak het adsorbens opnieuw kan worden gebruikt. Daarnaast zijn productie op grotere schaal en een vergelijking van de totale milieu-impact en kosten noodzakelijk. De economische haalbaarheid van CO₂-adsorbenten wordt immers sterk bepaald door onder meer materiaalprijs, regeneratie en levensduur.
Tegelijk ligt juist daar de maatschappelijke aantrekkingskracht van het concept. In plaats van moeilijk recycleerbare afvalstromen uitsluitend als een probleem te behandelen, kunnen ze grondstoffen worden voor nieuwe toepassingen. Zo wordt niet alleen geprobeerd minder nieuwe grondstoffen te gebruiken, maar krijgt bestaande koolstof een nieuwe functie voordat die als CO₂ in de atmosfeer terechtkomt. Dat past binnen het idee van een circulaire economie, waarin afval niet als het eindpunt van een materiaal wordt gezien, maar als mogelijke grondstof voor iets nieuws. De koolstof die gisteren nog een plasticfles was, kan morgen misschien deel uitmaken van een materiaal dat helpt om CO₂ op te vangen.
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