Dimt CBD een psychedelische trip? Een veelbelovend idee onder de loep

Ruben
Stiers

In een laboratorium in Sydney staat een plaatje met 96 minuscule putjes, elk gevuld met menselijke cellen die oplichten zodra ze een signaal krijgen. Met dat plaatje probeerde ik een vraag te beantwoorden die je niet zomaar aan proefpersonen voorlegt: kan CBD, een van de bekendste bestanddelen van cannabis, de effecten van psychedelica zoals LSD afzwakken? Een recente studie suggereerde van wel. Dat is een interessante piste, nu psychedelica steeds vaker onderzocht worden als mogelijke behandeling voor psychische aandoeningen zoals depressie en angst.

Het slot waar elke trip begint

CBD is een bestanddeel van de cannabisplant dat je, in tegenstelling tot THC, niet stoned maakt. Het wordt al gebruikt bij enkele zeldzame vormen van epilepsie en onderzoekers vermoeden dat het ook angst- en psychoseklachten kan verlichten. Hoe CBD precies werkt, blijft echter onduidelijk. De stof grijpt namelijk aan op tientallen verschillende plaatsen in het lichaam.

Een recente studie wees naar een opvallende kandidaat: de serotonine 2A-receptor. Je kan die receptor zien als een slot op hersencellen, waarop serotonine en psychedelica als sleutel passen. Activatie van deze receptor speelt een cruciale rol in de psychedelische effecten van stoffen zoals LSD en psilocybine.

Het interessante aan CBD is dat het dit slot niet rechtstreeks lijkt te blokkeren. Volgens de studie zou het eerder werken als een dimmer: de sleutel past nog steeds, maar het signaal dat volgt wordt minder sterk. Wetenschappers noemen zo'n mechanisme een negatieve allosterische modulatie. Als dat klopt, zou CBD mogelijk de ongewenste effecten van psychedelica kunnen afzwakken zonder hun therapeutisch potentieel volledig weg te nemen.

Schematische voorstelling van het onderzochte principe, CBD als mogelijke dimmer van psychedelische effecten.

Een resultaat dat niet wil blijven

Voor mijn masterproef onderzocht ik die hypothese in menselijke cellen. Het bijzondere aan die cellen was dat ik kon bepalen hoeveel serotonine 2A-receptoren ze aanmaakten. Zodra een receptor geactiveerd werd, maakten de cellen calcium vrij en begonnen ze op te lichten. Een lichtmeter registreerde vervolgens putje na putje hoe sterk dat signaal was. Zo kon ik nagaan of een voorbehandeling met CBD het effect verminderde.

De eerste resultaten waren ontnuchterend. Onder de meeste omstandigheden deed CBD vrijwel niets. Toch verscheen er onder twee zeer specifieke omstandigheden een effect dat past bij wat je van een dimmer zou verwachten. Om te begrijpen waarom, helpt een vergelijking. Stel je een kamer voor met twintig lampen. Als elke lamp een klein beetje minder fel brandt, merk je dat nauwelijks op. In een kamer met slechts twee lampen valt dezelfde verandering meteen op.

Zo ging het ook in mijn experimenten. Cellen met veel receptoren beschikken over een soort reserve. Ze kunnen een maximaal signaal produceren, zelfs wanneer een deel van de receptoren minder efficiënt werkt. Farmacologen noemen dat fenomeen receptorreserve of “spare receptors”. Toen ik het aantal receptoren verlaagde, verdween een deel van die reserve en werd een effect zichtbaar. Zelfs dan waren de voorwaarden streng: de cellen moesten een uur lang blootgesteld worden aan een relatief hoge concentratie CBD. Een lagere concentratie of slechts vijf minuten voorbehandeling leverde geen meetbaar effect op.

Echt effect of artefact?

Die strenge voorwaarden maken voorzichtigheid noodzakelijk. CBD is een sterk vetoplosbare stof die zich anders gedraagt dan veel klassieke geneesmiddelen. Ze dringt traag door in de vettige omgeving van een celmembraan en kan in waterige oplossingen bovendien samenklonteren tot minuscule deeltjes, vergelijkbaar met oliedruppeltjes in een glas water. Zulke eigenschappen kunnen een meting beïnvloeden zonder dat de receptor zelf rechtstreeks betrokken is.

Met andere woorden: de daling die ik zag, kan wijzen op een echte interactie met de receptor, maar ook op een experimenteel artefact. Beide verklaringen zijn momenteel nog mogelijk.

Mijn controles bieden wel enkele aanwijzingen. CBD bleek actief in een tweede test op een andere receptor, wat erop wijst dat de gebruikte stof correct functioneerde. Daarnaast verstoorde CBD het calciumsignaal van een andere receptor in dezelfde cellen niet. Dat maakt een algemene verstoring van het meetsysteem minder waarschijnlijk. Toch sluiten deze controles een artefact niet volledig uit.

Waarom dit ertoe doet

Voor mensen die CBD-olie gebruiken, verandert dit onderzoek voorlopig niets. De concentraties die in celproeven worden gebruikt, zeggen weinig over hoeveel CBD uiteindelijk in de menselijke hersenen terechtkomt. CBD bindt sterk aan eiwitten in het bloed en stapelt zich gemakkelijk op in vetweefsel, waardoor de concentratie aan de receptor moeilijk te voorspellen is.

Mijn resultaten bewijzen dus niet dat CBD een psychedelische trip kan afzwakken. Ze bewijzen evenmin dat CBD helemaal geen effect heeft. Wat ze vooral tonen, is hoe moeilijk het kan zijn om een veelbelovende hypothese te bevestigen.

Die les reikt verder dan CBD alleen. Een resultaat dat in één experimentele opstelling verschijnt en in een andere verdwijnt, is nog geen zekerheid. Wetenschap bouwt haar conclusies stap voor stap op. Pas wanneer verschillende onderzoeksgroepen met uiteenlopende technieken tot dezelfde conclusie komen, weten we of CBD werkelijk als een dimmer van psychedelische signalen werkt. Tot dan blijft het een intrigerende hypothese.

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Universiteit of Hogeschool
Universiteit Gent
Thesis jaar
2026
Promotor(en) en begeleiders
Christophe Stove, Mark Connor