Krijgt mijn buur ander drinkwater dan ik?
Wanneer je thuis een glas water inschenkt, sta je er waarschijnlijk niet bij stil waar dat water precies vandaan komt. In Vlaanderen is veilig drinkwater namelijk zo vanzelfsprekend geworden dat we nauwelijks nadenken over wat er tussen de waterbron en onze kraan gebeurt. Toch legt drinkwater een lange reis af vanaf het drinkwaterproductiecentrum door reservoirs, watertorens en kilometerslange leidingen. Dat water reist niet alleen, ook micro-organismen bewegen mee doorheen dat netwerk. Dit betekent dat ons drinkwater niet steriel is, maar juist een hele gemeenschap aan microscopisch kleine organismen bevat. Daarbij wordt er misschien eerst aan alleen bacteriën gedacht maar ook complexere organismen, zoals eukaryoten, maken deel uit van die onzichtbare wereld. Bacteriën en eukaryoten leven daarbij niet los van elkaar want ze beïnvloeden elkaar voortdurend. Zo kunnen op verschillende plaatsen in het drinkwater netwerk andere gemeenschappen van micro-organismen ontstaan.
Maar hoe lokaal zijn die verschillen eigenlijk? Kunnen twee mensen die vlak bij elkaar wonen toch drinkwater met een andere microbiële samenstelling krijgen? Dit kan niet beter onderzocht worden dan door letterlijk bij twee buren aan te kloppen!
Beter een goede buur dan een verre vriend
Om die verschillen te onderzoeken, volgden we het water vanaf drie verschillende watertorens, waarbij we per watertoren zes keukenkranen bemonsterden. Daarbij zagen we een duidelijk verschil in het aantal bacteriën met meer bacteriën aan de kraan dan aan de watertoren. Dit suggereert dat organismen zich tijdens hun weg door het drinkwaterdistributiesysteem of in de binneninstallatie van een huis opnieuw kunnen vermeerderen, een proces dat hergroei wordt genoemd. Die hergroei wordt beïnvloed door verschillende factoren, zoals omgevingsomstandigheden, het materiaal van de leiding, stagnatie en interacties tussen de verschillende organismen, inclusief de vorming van een biofilm. Maar daarmee weten we nog niet hoe groot de verschillen kunnen zijn tussen twee kranen die slechts enkele meters van elkaar verwijderd zijn. Daarvoor namen we ook stalen van aanpalende woningen of buren in een appartement.
“Ons drinkwater is niet steriel, maar bevat een hele gemeenschap aan microscopisch kleine organismen.”
Twee opvallende resultaten kwamen naar voren bij twee rechtstreekse burenparen. Bij het ene burenpaar was de microbiologische samenstelling van het drinkwater bijna identiek, wat erop wijst dat beide woningen zeer gelijkaardig water ontvangen. Bij het andere burenpaar verschilde de samenstelling en de concentratie aan organismen net sterk, wat aantoont dat zelfs tussen naburige woningen duidelijke verschillen kunnen optreden. Bij het laatste burenpaar lijkt er dus lokaal iets te gebeuren. Uit de literatuur zijn hiervoor verschillende mogelijke verklaringen bekend. Zo kan stagnatie een rol spelen, waarbij water voor een lange tijd stilstaat. Wanneer water langere tijd stilstaat, kan biofilmvorming worden bevorderd. Een biofilm vormt een geschikte leefomgeving voor micro-organismen en kan daardoor leiden tot een toename en verschuiving van de aanwezige soorten. Ook het materiaal van de leidingen kan een invloed hebben, omdat sommige materialen de vorming en samenstelling van biofilm kunnen beïnvloeden. Echter, na contact met het betrokken burenpaar, kwam nog een andere mogelijke verklaring naar voren. In een van de woningen bleek een speciale filter aan de kraan geïnstalleerd te zijn. Micro-organismen kunnen zich op deze filter ophopen en er een biofilm vormen. Daardoor kan lokaal een andere microbiële gemeenschap ontstaan dan in het water dat rechtsreeks uit het distributienetwerk komt.
Betekent dit dan dat je beter nooit een filter op je kraan installeert? Neen, zolang een filter goed wordt onderhouden en tijdig wordt gereinigd of vervangen, hoeft dat geen probleem te zijn. Wel is het belangrijk om te beseffen dat elke extra installatie aan de kraan een extra barrière vormt waarop micro-organismen zich kunnen vasthechten. Daardoor kunnen zowel de samenstelling als de concentratie van micro-organismen in het drinkwater worden beïnvloed.
Het drinkwater is dus geen steriele vloeistof en dat hoeft het ook niet te zijn. Drinkwaterproducenten streven daarom naar biostabiliteit doorheen het volledige drinkwatersysteem. Dit betekent dat de microbiologische samenstelling van het water zo stabiel mogelijk blijft en dat ongewenste groei van micro-organismen tijdens de weg van productie tot kraan wordt beperkt.
Een echt buurtfeest (of niet?)
Dus in een microbiële “buurt” blijft de samenstelling niet constant. Sommige micro-organismen verdwijnen, terwijl andere erbij komen. Zulke verandering zijn op zich niet negatief. Het wordt echter wel relevant wanneer zo een verandering gepaard gaat met de introductie of sterke toename van ongewenste micro-organismen. Een algemeen bekend voorbeeld is de legionellabacterie, die zich onder gunstige omstandigheden en bij onvoldoende naleving van de juist beheersmaatregelen kan vermenigvuldigen en een risico kan vormen voor de gezondheid. Een minder bekend voorbeeld zijn niet-tuberculeuze mycobacteriën. Deze bacteriën worden beschouwd als opportunistische pathogenen, wat betekent dat ze vooral ziekteverwekkend zijn voor mensen met een verzwakt immuunsysteem, zoals ouderen of personen met een verminderde weerstand. Tijdens mijn thesis kwam ik deze bacteriën zelf tegen in waterstalen die ik op een paar locaties in Vlaanderen heb genomen. Tot op heden is de aanwezigheid van deze bacteriën in het Vlaamse drinkwater nog niet aangetoond. In mijn verdere onderzoek als doctoraatstudent zal ik daarom nagaan waar en onder welke omstandigheden ze voorkomen, met als doel hun verspreiding in het Vlaamse drinkwater voor het eerst in kaart te brengen.
Een goede buurt is goud waard
Krijgt mijn buur nu ander drinkwater dan ik? Hoewel het water vaak uit dezelfde bron en hetzelfde distributienet afkomstig is, kan de microbiële samenstelling onderweg veranderen. Die verschillen zijn niet problematisch, maar ze tonen wel aan hoe belangrijk het is om de microbiële kwaliteit van drinkwater goed te begrijpen en op te volgen. Door beter in kaart te brengen hoe de micro-organismen veranderen doorheen de drinkwaterdistributiesystemen, kunnen mogelijke risico’s sneller worden herkend en kan de kwaliteit van ons drinkwater beter worden gewaarborgd. Daar hoort ook het tijdig detecteren en opvolgen van potentieel ziekteverwekkend micro-organismen in ons drinkwater.
Een goede microbiële “buurt” draait dus niet om overal exact dezelfde microbiële samenstelling te hebben, maar om een stabiele gemeenschap waarin ongewenste micro-organismen zo weinig mogelijk kansen krijgen.
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