Contribution of bacterial endotoxins and transition metals to the inflammatory potential of particulate matter (PM)
Kijken we wel juist naar fijn stof?
Studies die verschillende ernstige gezondheidseffecten van fijn stof rapporteren, steden die stil liggen omwille van extreme luchtvervuiling, politieke debatten over de aanpak van de fijnstofproblematiek,... Het zijn zaken die vandaag de dag geen uitzonderlijk nieuws zijn. Vele stemmen gaan dan ook op om nu actie te ondernemen om het probleem van luchtvervuiling aan te pakken. Maar weten we eigenlijk wel genoeg over fijn stof om doelgericht en efficiënt aan een oplossing te werken? Zijn de parameters van fijn stof die we op dit ogenblik meten wel de beste criteria voor de luchtkwaliteit? Met andere woorden, kijken we wel op de juiste manier naar fijn stof?
Wat is fijn stof nu juist?
Wanneer we het hebben over fijn stof, bedoelen we een mengsel van zeer kleine deeltjes van verschillende oorsprong die rondzweven in onze lucht. Dit kunnen zowel deeltjes uit dieseluitlaatgassen, als metalen, minuscule zoutdeeltjes of fragmenten van dode bacteriën zijn. Deze deeltjes, met een diameter kleiner dan 10μm (ter vergelijking: een menselijk haar heeft zo’n diameter van 50 à 70 μm), ademen we gemakkelijk in, waarna ze afgezet worden in de longen. De allerkleinste deeltjes kunnen zelfs, net zoals de zuurstof die we inademen, binnendringen in de bloedbaan en zo verdeeld worden over het hele lichaam.
Wat doet fijn stof dan?
Doordat fijnstofdeeltjes terecht komen in het hele lichaam, van de longen tot de hersenen, kunnen deze stoffen op al deze plaatsen de gezondheid gaan beïnvloeden. Zo geven vele wetenschappelijke studies aan dat het inademen het risico verhoogt op longziekten zoals astma of longkanker, maar ook op hart- en vaatziekten. Fijn stof kan namelijk aderverkalking stimuleren zoals een verhoogde cholesterol dat ook doet. Daarnaast wijst recent onderzoek ook naar een verband tussen fijn stof en een te laag geboortegewicht – zodat meer baby’s eerst in een couveuse moeten verblijven – en een verband met hersenziektes zoals de ziekte van Alzheimer en de ziekte van Parkinson. Bovendien blijkt dat zelfs lage hoeveelheden fijn stof in de lucht, zoals aanwezig in Europa en België, voldoende zijn om deze gezondheidseffecten te veroorzaken.
Hoe veroorzaakt fijn stof deze gezondheidsproblemen?
Wanneer deze deeltjes in het lichaam terecht komen, zullen deze een reactie opwekken van het immuunsysteem, de verdediging van ons lichaam die ons beschermt tegen gevaarlijke stoffen of ziekteverwekkende micro-organismen. Deze reactie, die we ontsteking noemen, kan enerzijds het gevolg zijn van schade die de deeltjes aanrichten, maar soms komt ontsteking tot stand doordat het immuunsysteem onterecht bepaalde fragmenten van dode bacteriën herkent als mogelijke ziekteverwekker. Deze ontsteking is in normale omstandigheden nodig voor een sterke aanval tegen infecties en de herstelprocessen achteraf. Wanneer ontsteking echter niet goed gereguleerd wordt, kan er veel schade aangericht worden. Deze negatieve kant aan ontsteking is vaak een onderliggende oorzaak van de gezondheidseffecten van fijn stof.
Hoe gaat Europa om met fijn stof?
Om een probleem te behandelen, moet je het eerst goed in kaart brengen. Daarom zijn er doorheen Europa, ook in België en Vlaanderen, verschillende meetstations aanwezig die de hoeveelheid fijn stof registreren. Deze meetstations kijken voornamelijk naar de massaconcentratie van het fijn stof, wat neerkomt op het gezamenlijk gewicht van alle deeltjes aanwezig in een bepaald volume lucht. Zulke massaconcentraties worden dan gebruikt als een maatstaf voor de gezondheidseffecten van het fijn stof in de lucht. De Europese Unie baseerde zich hierop om maximaal aanvaardbare niveaus voor fijn stof vast te stellen.
Hoe zou het beter kunnen?
Door het gebruiken van de massaconcentratie van fijn stof als maatstaf voor de gezondheidsproblemen die het veroorzaakt, wordt geen rekening gehouden met het feit dat fijn stof bestaat uit heel veel verschillende deeltjes met verschillende eigenschappen. Sommige deeltjes, zoals bijvoorbeeld metalen, zijn veel schadelijker dan andere, zoals bijvoorbeeld zoutpartikels. Dit is het gevolg van hoe sterk deze deeltjes ontsteking kunnen veroorzaken. Bijgevolg zal het fijnstofmengsel van de ene plaats misschien meer erg schadelijke deeltjes bevatten, en dus veel meer ontsteking veroorzaken, dan het fijnstofmengsel van op een andere plaats, ook al is de massaconcentratie van het fijn stof op deze plaatsen gelijkaardig. Het is ook dus belangrijk om na te gaan of er veel van deze gevaarlijke deeltjes aanwezig zijn in het fijn stof om een schatting te maken van de mogelijke gezondheidseffecten die ermee verbonden zijn.
Welke deeltjes zijn dan zo gevaarlijk?
Omdat het fijnstofmengsel zo veel verschillende componenten bevat, is het erg moeilijk om eenduidig aan te geven welke nu belangrijk zijn voor de gezondheidseffecten.
Endotoxinen vormen één van de componenten van fijn stof waarvan men denkt dat het sterk bijdraagt aan de negatieve gezondheidseffecten. Endotoxinen worden teruggevonden op de celwand (een beschermende laag aan de buitenkant van een cel) van bacteriën. Ons immuunsysteem herkent deze als deel van een mogelijk gevaarlijke bacterie en reageert hier dan ook op door ontsteking te veroorzaken. Daarnaast lijkt het dat endotoxinen de reactie van het immuunsysteem op andere componenten van fijn stof, zoals metalen, versterkt. Ondanks dat vele aanwijzingen aangeven dat endotoxinen veelvoorkomende en schadelijke componenten vormen van fijn stof, blijft het onderzoek ernaar beperkt. De huidige technieken die gebruikt worden voor het onderzoek zijn immers niet geschikt voor het bestuderen van endotoxinen.
In mijn thesis werd dan ook gezocht naar vernieuwende technieken die het mogelijk maken om de bijdrage van endotoxinen aan de gezondheidseffecten van fijn stof te onderzoeken. Zo werden er methodes ontwikkeld voor het verzamelen van endotoxinen in fijn stof en het bepalen van de hoeveelheid ervan in de stalen. Hierbij zagen we al dat de werkelijke hoeveelheid endotoxinen in de lucht wel tot zo’n tien keer hoger ligt dan aangegeven door eerder gebruikte technieken. Verder werd ook gewerkt aan methodes die het mogelijk maken om de effecten op het immuunsysteem (i.e. ontsteking) te bestuderen in het labo en bij testpersonen, zodat eventuele gezondheidseffecten gekoppeld kunnen worden aan de endotoxine-niveaus in de stalen.
Door de belangrijke gezondheidseffecten van fijn stof en de link ervan met de samenstelling, is het belangrijk nieuwe technieken te ontwikkelen die het mogelijk maken om in de toekomst met een meer genuanceerde blik naar fijn stof te kijken.
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