“Tegen het einde van de eeuw zullen 619.000 Belgen in gebieden onder de zeespiegel wonen.” De opwarming van de Aarde is overal voelbaar, ook in België. Om de overstroming van België tegen te gaan, is een vermindering in broeikasgassen nodig. Maar hoe pakt men dat praktisch aan? Welk aandeel heeft de bouw van steden daarin? En op welke manier kan de bouwkundige sector zijn CO2-uitstoot beperken?
Deze thesis onderzocht een nieuwe mogelijkheid om steden op een duurzame manier te bouwen: betonnen gebouwen op basis van biomassa-assen.
“Concrete is the single most widely used material in the world …”
and it has a carbon footprint to match.” Door de enorme vraag naar beton is de betonindustrie verantwoordelijk voor 5% van de menselijke CO2-uitstoot. Bovendien wordt de toekomst alleen nog maar dramatischer door de exponentiële groei in ontwikkelingslanden. De oorzaak van zijn grote voetafdruk ligt bij de productie van het bestanddeel cement. Cement is de lijm die de stenen in beton met elkaar verbindt. Bij de productie van cement wordt niet alleen CO2 uitgestoten om de hoge oventemperaturen te verkrijgen, maar het is bovendien ook een reactieproduct tijdens het productieproces zelf. Een manier om beton milieuvriendelijker te maken is daarom een alternatieve lijm te vinden om het beton te binden.
Assen in plaats van cement
Een milieuvriendelijke mogelijkheid om de cementproductie te verminderen is een deel van cement te vervangen door vliegassen. Vliegassen zijn assen van de verbranding in elektriciteitscentrales en worden apart opgevangen. Die assen bezitten net als cement bindende eigenschappen na contact met water. De assen van steenkoolcentrales kennen al een uitgebreide toepassing als cementvervanger. De vraag vanuit de cementindustrie is namelijk zo groot (204 kton in 2011), dat een extra hoeveelheid van 45 kton werd geïmporteerd uit de buurlanden. Deze thesis onderzocht een nieuw soort vliegas: biomassavliegas. Biomassavliegas is het afvalproduct van biomassacentrales en mag volgens Europese normen nog niet gerecycleerd worden. Daardoor wordt de afvalberg van biomassavliegas steeds groter en groter.
De recyclage van biomassa-assen heeft een positieve milieu-impact omwille van drie redenen:
De eerste aspecten zijn de daling in afval en zo ook stortkosten. Minder stortkosten vormt een bijkomende drijfveer voor de biomassa-industrie in de strijd tegen de vervuilende steenkoolcentrales. Biomassa is in vergelijking met fossiele brandstoffen namelijk milieuvriendelijker. Er is geen netto CO2-uitstoot, omdat de hoeveelheid geproduceerde CO2 tijdens de verbranding ongeveer gelijk is aan de opgenomen CO2 tijdens het groeiproces van de biomassa. Bovendien daalt de cementproductie, wat ook voor een daling in CO2-uitstoot zorgt. Kortom, biomassavliegas minimaliseert de CO2-voetafdruk van beton.
Voldoen ze aan de Europese eisen?
Het onderzoek bekeek de biomassavliegassen van twee centrales: A&S in West-Vlaanderen en ERDA in de provincie Luxemburg. Een eerste stap in het onderzoek is de controle van de Europese eisen. Europa legt materiaaleigenschappen op voordat de assen op grote schaal toegepast mogen worden. Omdat de twee biomassacentrales een andere verbrandingswijze en biomassabron gebruiken, waren ook verschillen in materiaaleigenschappen zichtbaar. Zo was bijvoorbeeld het sulfaatgehalte bij A&S veel groter dan bij ERDA. Om aan de Europese limieten te voldoen dienen de vliegassen behandeld te worden. Bij de ERDA-vliegas was wassen met water voldoende, maar bij A&S is een oplossing van Na2CO3 nodig. Door het wassen lossen de schadelijke chemische verbindingen op en spoelen ze weg samen met het oplosmiddel.
Reageert het snel genoeg?
Eens de vliegassen voldoen aan de Europese eisen is een volgende stap de reactiviteit na te gaan. De vliegas moet snel genoeg reageren en het beton binden. Mengsels van 70% cement, 30% vliegas en water werden onderzocht op reactiviteit en zwelling. Omdat de assen een chemische beschermlaag hebben, reageren ze trager dan cement. Dat is niet altijd een probleem en wordt in sommige toepassingen zelfs verkozen. In grote betonnen constructies zoals stuwdammen verkiest men trage reacties. Als de reacties te snel gebeuren, komt er te veel warmte tegelijkertijd vrij wat scheuren in het beton kan opleveren.
Een tweede probleem deed zich voor bij de A&S-assen: grote zwelling. In de eerste 24 u was er een zo grote expansie dat het beton niet meer bruikbaar zou zijn voor normale gebouwen. Ook hier zijn andere toepassingen waarin dat wel gewenst is. Een voorbeeld hiervan is cellenbeton. Door het zwellen bestaat cellenbeton uit vele kleine luchtholtes. Die luchtholtes zorgen voor goede thermische eigenschappen van het beton waardoor het als isolatiemateriaal wordt toegepast.
Naast de voorgestelde oplossingen, bekeek het onderzoek hoe de vliegas in normale gebouwen zijn toepassing kan vinden. De remedie tegen lage reactiviteit en grote zwelling werd al aangehaald: wassen met een Na2CO3-oplossing. Het wassen zorgt voor een gedeeltelijke afbraak van de beschermlaag en spoelt de expanderende verbindingen vooraf weg.
Is het resulterende beton even sterk?
Een voorlaatste stap is de overgang naar mortel: een mengsel van 70% cement, 30% vliegas, water en zand. Hier moet de vliegas haar sterkte als lijm tussen de zandkorrels bewijzen. De reactiviteit was lager dan cement en daarom groeit de sterkte van de mortel ook trager. Vergelijk het met secondelijm: secondelijm reageert en bindt veel sneller dan een gewone lijm. Alhoewel de vliegas veel trager het zand en water bindt, is hij op lange termijn wel heel effectief. Op 28 dagen steeg de vliegasmortel 40% in sterkte t.o.v. 7 dagen, terwijl de cementmortel slechts met 10% toenam. Als die groei zich voortzet, zorgt vliegas voor een gelijke of zelfs grotere sterkte op lange termijn.
De resultaten zijn veelbelovend voor de laatste stap in het onderzoek naar biomassavliegas: beton. Beton bevat dezelfde samenstelling als mortel, maar inclusief grind. Verder onderzoek moet uitwijzen of ook hier de vliegas voldoende sterkte oplevert.
Besluit
Assen van biomassacentrales kunnen gedeeltelijk cement vervangen in beton. Een stad uit assen maken? Het is mogelijk én het helpt in de strijd tegen de klimaatopwarming!
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