Landbouwtransitie, de stap naar een beter milieu?
Heeft u zich ooit al eens afgevraagd waar uw groenten, die u het hele jaar door eet, vandaan komen? Kijk dan eens in uw koelkast of in de winkel op de verpakking. U zal al snel zien dat veel van deze groenten, niet in België geproduceerd worden. Sla uit Spanje, tomaten uit Italië, basilicum uit Frankrijk, aardbeien uit Nieuw-Zeeland, … Dit zijn slechts enkele voorbeelden van de internationale voedselmarkt. Hoewel wij allemaal tijdens de donkere wintermaanden, graag een gezond slaatje eten, staan wij vaak niet stil bij de weg, die deze groenten hebben afgelegd. Voor een klein land als België met veel stedelijke gebieden lijkt importeren van groenten redelijk vanzelfsprekend. Nochtans beschikt België ook over voldoende geschikte landbouwgronden waardoor het niet volledig afhankelijk hoeft te zijn van import. Maar andere landen hebben soms gewoon niet veel andere opties om aan hun groenten te komen dan import. Zo importeert Noorwegen bijvoorbeeld 70% van zijn groenten doordat het koude klimaat en het vaak barre landschap grote conventionele landbouwtechnieken verhinderen. Zo blijkt dat slechts 3,4% van het land gebruikt wordt voor conventionele landbouwtechnieken. Naast het importeren uit het mediterrane zeegebied, wordt er steeds meer gebruikgemaakt van alternatieve landbouwtechnieken zoals glastuinbouw en verticale landbouw. Dit gebeurt in België nog niet genoeg, maar in de toekomst zal dit "alternatieve" aandeel zeker toenemen.
Laagste milieu-impact?
In Noorwegen zijn deze twee alternatieve technieken reeds meer aanwezig. Om te bepalen welke van deze drie technieken – import, glastuinbouw en verticale landbouw - de laagste milieu-impact heeft, werd er gewerkt met een Levens Cyclus Analyse (Cradle to Market). Met deze methode worden de verschillende productiefasen onderzocht vooraleer een groente in de winkel belandt om een totaalbeeld van de milieu-impact te verkrijgen. Deze fasen bevatten onder andere de teelt, de energieproductie, de irrigatie en het transport. De milieu-impact werd voor iedere techniek geanalyseerd op vlak van 6 categorieën: klimaatverandering, zoet- en zoutwater eutrofiëring, fijnstofvorming, bodemverzuring en de onttrekking van water. Deze analyse toont aan dat de onderzochte verticale landbouwsite de laagste milieu-impact had voor alle categorieën, met uitzondering van de gevolgen voor de zoetwater eutrofiëring van en de onttrekking van water. Voor deze twee categorieën komt de glastuinbouwsite beter uit de bus. Er wordt echter wel vastgesteld dat als de glastuinbouw niet met aardgas zou warmen in de winterperiode, hij waarschijnlijk het beste alternatief vormt. Op dit ogenblik komen bij deze laatste nog te veel schadelijke emissies vrij. Er werd reeds veel over geschreven en ook uit deze analyse blijkt dat importeren van voedsel uit zuiderse landen een negatieve milieu-impact heeft. Dit komt voornamelijk door het aanzienlijk waterverbruik in deze streken, zoals Spanje of Italië, en het transport.
Leegstaande kantoorgebouwen en ondergrondse metrolijnen kunnen perfect ingericht worden tot landbouwfaciliteiten.
En nu?
Analyses zoals deze tonen aan dat de milieu-impact van groenten verschillend is naargelang de gebruikte landbouwtechnieken. Door te werken met lokale initiatieven, die voedsel kunnen produceren met een lage milieu-impact, kan het negatieve effect op het milieu sterk verminderd worden. Zo kan waterverbruik gereduceerd worden, het aantal kilometers transport verlaagd worden, de hoeveelheid pesticiden verkleind tot zelfs weggewerkt worden, enz. Ook kunnen ongebruikte plaatsen in steden, zoals leegstaande kantoorgebouwen en ondergrondse metrolijnen, perfect ingericht worden tot landbouwfaciliteiten. Door op nieuwe manieren aan landbouw te doen, kan de milieu-impact van groenten tot een aanvaardbaar niveau teruggebracht worden, zodat onze groenten niet alleen gezond zijn en een hoge kwaliteit hebben, maar bovendien ook nog eens milieuvriendelijker worden.
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