Deze vragen werden aangekaart in een thesisonderzoek aan UGent, waarbij voornamelijk werd gefocust op het potentieel van Moringa in Nicaragua, het armste land in Centraal-Amerika. Er werd gekeken naar reeds bestaande productiemethoden en percepties van Moringa in het land, naar de voedzaamheid van het blad en naar de economische haalbaarheid van de productie. Twee afgeleide bladproducten werden hierbij eveneens vergeleken: bladpoeder, gemalen en gedroogde bladeren, en bladconcentraat, een innovatief product op basis van de bladeren.
Moringa is een boom die je nu quasi overal kan vinden in het Zuidelijk halfrond. Ze staat gekend om haar droogtetolerantie en vele toepassingen, gaande van voedsel tot traditioneel medicijn. De zaden worden zelfs gebruikt om vervuild water te zuiveren. In Nicaragua zijn er enkele commerciële Moringa producenten actief, die in eerste instantie interesse hebben in de oliewinning uit de zaden. Maar de vraag naar bladeren stijgt en alzo ook het aanbod van de bladeren, die worden gedroogd en gemalen tot een poeder. Beide producten winnen de laatste jaren steeds meer aan populariteit in de Verenigde Staten, waarnaar de Nicaraguaanse producenten exporteren. De productie blijft echter nog veel trial-and-error, waardoor veel producenten nog moeten experimenteren om de optimale omstandigheden voor dit gewas te creëren.
In kleinere dorpen staat de boom soms in de tuintjes. De meerderheid van de bevraagden, die de boom kennen natuurlijk, legde uit dat de zaden worden gebruikt als medicijn tegen diabetes en allerlei andere kwalen. Ook al berust dit op enige wetenschappelijke basis – er werden reeds chemische stoffen geïdentificeerd in de bladeren die de effecten van diabetes zouden verlagen –, toch heeft Moringa niet al de grote gezondheid bevorderende effecten die verkopers je doen willen geloven. Zo bevatten de bladeren lang niet altijd evenveel ijzer of wordt het ijzer daarom niet beter opgenomen in je lichaam. Bepaalde bewerkingen om bladconcentraat te verkrijgen, kunnen effectief het gehalte aan eiwitten, mineralen zoals ijzer en zink, en vetzuren concentreren. Doch of dit effectief ook leidt tot een verhoogde opname in het bloed, moet nog worden uitgewezen. Een positief feit is wel dat eerder onderzoek heeft aangetoond dat Moringa bladeren veilig zijn voor consumptie. Ook zouden de bladeren antioxidanten bevatten, die een positief effect kunnen hebben op je gezondheid.
Enkele recepten, waarin Moringa poeder en concentraat verwerkt zijn, werden ook getest op smaak in het onderzoek. Moringa bladeren zijn op zich weinig smakelijk en hebben een bittere nasmaak. Daarom is het een zoektocht naar het ontwikkelen van een recept dat zowel lekker smaakt, maar toch voldoende blad bevat om eventueel gunstige effecten op de gezondheid te bewerkstelligen. Veel hangt daarom ook af van het recept dat je kiest: een gerecht, snack of drankje? Hartig of zoet? Zo zal bij het ene recept, er een voorkeur zijn voor bladpoeder, maar kan het bij een ander het concentraat zijn. ‘Neofobie’ bij voedsel, de angst voor het nieuwe, kan hierbij zeker ook een rol spelen. Iets dat er afwijkend uitziet, iets dat er anders uitziet dan je verwachtingen, zal je mogelijks minder lekker vinden. Bovendien is de economische kant van de zaak een doorslaggevende factor wat betreft haalbaarheid. Het maken van concentraat is een dure bedoening, vele malen duurder dan poeder. Dit maakt de kans groter dat je in de winkel eerder poeder zal vinden en geen concentraat.
In de toekomst kan Moringa het hoofd bieden aan een wijzigend klimaat en aldus een bijkomende inkomstenbron zijn voor boeren in het Zuiden tijdens de moeilijkere periodes. Ze kan dus zeker voor een bescheiden deel het antwoord zijn op de stijgende voedselonzekerheid. De stijgende vraag wereldwijd voor Moringa in de gezondheidsmarkt, zal er eveneens voor zorgen dat de teelt van deze boom populairder wordt. Maar veel beweringen moeten genuanceerd of gestaafd worden, zeker met betrekking tot wat de consumptie van bladeren kan betekenen voor u. Zo kunnen enkele Moringa pillen je kwalen of ijzertekort niet doen verdwijnen. Een gebalanceerd en gevarieerd voedselpatroon blijft de beste remedie.
Geschreven door Branwen Peddi (afgestudeerd als bio-ingenieur in de landbouwkunde) als deelname aan de Vlaamse Scriptieprijs
Alle afbeeldingen vallen onder de Creative Commons licentie voor hergebruik
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