Wat gekko’s en aardbevingen gemeen hebben
Met zijn plakkende pootjes loopt een klein hagedisachtig beestje over muren en plafonds aan een razend tempo: de gekko lijkt alle wetten van de fysica te tarten. Een even mysterieus proces vindt plaats in de aardkorst onder ons: tektonische platen schuiven over elkaar en veroorzaken zo aardbevingen. Hoe kunnen we deze bewegingen nu verklaren? De loopbeweging van de gekko vertoont verrassende gelijkenissen met de schuifbeweging van de tektonische platen. In beide gevallen zien we oppervlakken die loskomen en zich weer vasthechten. Een beter inzicht hierin laat toe om allerlei glijdende systemen beter te begrijpen. Van klimmende robots met plakkende voetjes, tot plakband om een hart te herstellen: de toepassingen zijn eindeloos.
Afbeelding ter illustratie: een gekko klimt omhoog door zijn klevende pootjes vast te hechten aan oppervlakken (bron https://unsplash.com/photos/DBwodkh8ong)
De gekko is een bijzonder beestje: het diertje hangt ondersteboven aan een plafond en kan zich 20 keer per seconde losmaken en verderop weer vasthechten. Wetenschappers proberen al lang om deze beweging te begrijpen en na te bootsen. Robots met plakkende voetjes lopen vandaag al rond in de ruimte en inspecteren schepen onder water: gevaarlijke taken voor de mens. Ook voor de reparatie van een hart gebruiken dokters al plakkende strookjes. De precieze controle van de beweging van de plakkende pootjes en strookjes, is voorlopig echter een proces van ‘gissen en missen’.
Voor het onderzoek naar deze beweging in een labo, gebruiken we een soort plakkende stevige gels of zachte rubbers die we aan glas vastkleven. Na het vastkleven, wordt het plakkende materiaal losgetrokken. Zo kunnen we dan zien hoe dit strookje precies loskomt, waar en hoe het zichzelf weer vasthecht.
Afbeelding van een van de zachte plakkende materialen gebruikt voor onderzoek naar glijdende, plakkende systemen
Verrassend genoeg vertoont deze beweging niet enkel gelijkenissen met gekko-pootjes. Ook wanneer in de aardkorst tektonische platen over elkaar schuiven, komen verliezen beide platen even contact en hechten ze zich even later weer vast. De bewegingen van tektonische platen zijn een van de oorzaken van aardbevingen. Dit beter begrijpen, zou dus heel wat mensenleed kunnen besparen.
Computersimulaties zorgen voor nieuwe inzichten
Experimenten met zachte plakkende materialen verraden dan wel meteen hoe een beweging plaatsvindt, ze beantwoorden helaas niet de vraag waarom dit gebeurt. We kunnen bijvoorbeeld niet zien welke krachten er op het materiaal werken. Mechanische formules in computersimulaties bieden wél een antwoord hierop. Met deze formules kunnen we berekenen hoeveel er binnenin het materiaal gedrukt wordt of hoeveel eraan getrokken wordt, op basis van hoe hard we trekken aan de zijkant van het materiaal. Omdat de oplossingen van deze formules benaderingen zijn, splitst de ‘eindige elementen methode’ het materiaal op in kleinere stukjes. Vergelijk het met een gebogen lijn die we benaderen met meerdere rechte lijnen: met één rechte lijn lukt het niet, maar naarmate we meer lijnen gebruiken, benaderen we de gebogen lijn beter.
Voor deze thesis is een eindig elementen model ontwikkeld dat de aanhechting van een zacht klevend materiaal aan glas weergeeft. Bijzondere oppervlakteformules, zogenaamde ‘cohesive laws’ bepalen wanneer een oppervlak loskomt. Gewoonlijk is deze breuk onomkeerbaar. In deze simulatie werd echter heraanhechting van het oppervlak toegelaten door de oppervlakteformules aan te passen.
Waarom heraanhechting zo belangrijk is
Heraanhechting blijkt cruciaal om de beweging correct te kunnen weergeven. De oorzaak hiervan is de beweging tijdens het loskomen van het materiaal. Het klevend materiaal komt eerst los bij het eind waaraan getrokken wordt. Als het verder loskomt, veroorzaakt de beweging van het loskomen een soort terugslag. Die terugslag is dan op zijn beurt de reden dat een deel van het oppervlak zich weer vasthecht.
In experimenten zien we dat de klevende materialen op twee verschillende manieren loskomen. De eerste manier is stabiel: het materiaal komt stukje per stukje los. De tweede manier daarentegen is instabiel: het volledige materiaal komt plots los. De simulaties verklaren nu hoe beide manieren ontstaan. Bij de stabiele manier van loskomen concentreren de trekkrachten zich op een deel van het oppervlak. Wanneer dit loskomt, gebeurt een terugslag die heraanhechting veroorzaakt. Bij de instabiele manier van loskomen, verspreiden trekkrachten zich over het volledige oppervlak. Wanneer dit volledig loskomt, gebeurt er geen terugslagbeweging en dus geen heraanhechting van het oppervlak. Welke manier van loskomen we observeren, hangt af van de eigenschappen van het materiaal zoals hoe makkelijk het vervormt of hoe sterk de aanhechting is.
Op naar betere klimmende robots en meer inzicht in aardbevingen
De unieke klimcapaciteiten van de gekko stelden de wetenschap lang voor een raadsel. Vele andere glijdende oppervlakken blijken gelijkaardige bewegingen te vertonen. Dankzij computersimulaties begrijpen we nu welke waarom en in welke omstandigheden zulke glijdende oppervlakken loskomen en zich nadien weer vastkleven. Hiermee kunnen we in de toekomst de manier van loskomen van klimmende robots of medische plakband preciezer manipuleren. Daar stopt het echter niet. We kunnen nu ook de vele andere glijdende oppervlakken beter begrijpen. Misschien kunnen we in de toekomst zelfs het ontstaan van aardbevingen door tektonische-plaatbewegingen verklaren…
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