Het industrieel wassen van minimaal verwerkte groenten is een proces waarover meningen sterk verdeeld zijn binnen de EU en de wereld. Het toevoegen van chemische ontsmettingsmiddelen aan het proceswater is standaardpraktijk in verschillende (Zuid-) Europese landen, maar is niet toegestaan in verschillende (Noord-)Europese landen. Met België in de kern van deze tweestrijd, kan een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde keuze die tevens de belangen van Belgische stakeholders in rekening brengt verhelderend zijn.
‘Food safety is everyone’s business’
‘Voedselveiligheid is ieders zaak’ stelt de Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO/WHO). Inderdaad, voedselveiligheidsrisico’s kunnen gevolgen hebben voor u en ik. Als consument verwachten we dan ook dat beleidsmakers beslissingen nemen gebaseerd feiten en wetenschappelijk bewijs, rekening houdend met de belangen van stakeholders. Ook de Europese Unie streeft naar een meer gestructureerd en transparant beslissingsproces. In beleidsvoering van voedselveiligheid nemen factoren als de duurzaamheid, de perceptie van de consument, naast de impact op de menselijke gezondheid, duidelijk aan belang toe.
Voor het nemen van meer geïnformeerde beslissingen wordt de multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) methode voorgesteld. Deze methode laat een selectie uit verschillende opties toe gebaseerd op de evaluatie van meerdere criteria. Deze criteria of beslissingsfactoren kunnen een gewicht toegekend krijgen, wat het relatief belang binnen de beslissingcontext weerspiegelt. De MCDA methode werd aangewend om de complexe kwestie ‘waswaterdesinfectie of niet’, beter te begrijpen en op te lossen.
Case study: wassen van (versneden) bladgroenten
De zakjes (versneden) sla, klaar om te openen en op te eten, doorlopen een uitgebreid productieproces voordat ze de supermarkt bereiken. Het industrieel wasproces is hiervan de belangrijkste stap. In Nederland en België worden bladgroenten gewassen in grote volumes (ijs)water om zand en ander vuil te verwijderen. De bladgroenten kunnen echter microbieel gecontamineerd zijn, waardoor het water zich kan voordoen als oorzaak voor kruisbesmetting. Dit zal er toe leiden, dat in plaats van enkele besmette blaadjes sla, een volledige batch microbieel besmet zal zijn. De oplossing hiervoor is de desinfectie van het proceswater. Er bestaan naast fysische methodes, zoals UV bestraling en ultrafiltratie, ook chemische desinfectiemethodes. Het meest gebruikte en gekendste voorbeeld is het gebruik van hypochloriet. In landen als Italië en Spanje wordt dit aan het waswater toegevoegd om kruisbesmetting via dit water te voorkomen. Het nadeel van hypochloriet is dat bij verkeerd en/of overmatig gebruik er chemische bijproducten gevormd kunnen worden, die een schadelijk effect op het menselijk lichaam hebben. De belangrijkste bijproducten zijn trihalomethanen en haloacetic acids. Bij te lang en verkeerde opgslag kunnen er in vloeibaar hypochloriet ook degradatieproducten zoals chloraten gevormd worden. De mogelijke risico’s van deze chemische bijproducten, hebben geleid tot een verbod op het gebruik van chemische desinfectiemiddelen in de groenteverwerkende indsutrie in verschillende Europese landen.
Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA)
De MCDA methodiek werd toegepast om de meest geschikte wasmethode van (versneden) bladgroenten te bepalen. Volgende vier controlestrategieën worden momenteel als meest industrieel relevant beschouwd:
Perazijnzuur is een desinfectiemiddel dat toeneemt aan populariteit in de voedingsindustrie. Het is duurder dan chloor, maar vormt weinig tot geen ongewenste bijproducten.
Bij de ‘in-line’ desinfectiemethodes worden desinfectantia in de wastank toegepast, in tegenstelling tot ‘off-line’ desinfectiemethodes waarbij lagere concentraties buiten de wastank worden toegepast om zo terug drinkbaarwaterkwaliteit te behalen. Alle desinfectiemethodes zullen toelaten dat het water gedurende langere periodes gebruikt kan worden, waardoor het algemeen waterverbruik lager ligt en de kruisbesmetting van microorganismen vermeden wordt.
De controlestrategieën ondergingen een evaluatie voor vijf hoofdcriteria en verschillende sub-criteria. Drie bronnen van informatie en data werden aangewend ter evaluatie van deze criteria. Allereerst werd kwantitieve data, geselecteerd uit wetenschappelijke literatuur, gecombineerd tot probabilistische distributies. Deze distributies weerspiegelen de onzekerheid in experimenteel gegenereerd bewijs en de variaties in de werking van de wasmethodes. Alternatief werd er gekozen voor een evaluatie door vakexperten. De experten beoordeelden de verschillende controlestrategieën op een Likert-schaal van 5.
Een belangrijk onderdeel van de beleidsvoering op Europees niveau is de consultatie van stakeholders. Uit een online stakeholderconsultatie bij Belgische stakeholders kwam de conclusie dat ‘de impact op de menselijke gezondheid’ en ‘de milieu-impact’ consistent als de belangrijkste factoren beschouwd worden. In vergelijking met de ‘technologische-, economische-, en maatschappelijke impact’ van de controlestrategiën waaraan relatief minder belang werd geuit.
Wassen in (ijs)water of toch niet?
Maar wat is nu de meest geschikte wasmethode? Een evaluatie van de verschillende criteria waaraan de verzamelde gewichten van de stakeholders toegekend waren, leidde met behulp van een wiskundig algoritme tot volgende rangschikking van de vier controlestrategieën:
‘Wassen met drinkbaar water’ behaalt consistent de hoogste score, gevolgd door ‘waswaterdesinfectie met perazijnzuur’. De twee methodes waar hypochloriet wordt gebruikt kwamen voor de Belgische situatie op voor- en laatste plaats in de rangschikking.
De gunstige economische en maatschappelijke impact van deze wasmethode kunnen de eerste positie verklaren van de controlestrategie ‘wassen met drinkbaar water’. Groentenverwerkende bedrijven zullen immers minder kosten moeten maken voor het gebruik en opslag van chemicaliën. Wassen met water wordt nog steeds beter aanvaard door consumenten en kent een meer geharmoniseerd beleidsvoering.
‘Wassen met drinkbaar water’ kan echter kruisbesmetting van microbiële pathogenen niet uitsluiten, waardoor de impact op de menselijke gezondheid lager scoort. Deze wasmethode verbruikt gemiddeld 7.5 m3 water/ton groenten, in vergelijking met de desinfectiemethodes waarvoor gemiddeld 5 m3 water/ton groenten nodig zal zijn. Dit verklaart de lagere score voor de milieu-impact van de controlestrategie. Met een toenemende waterschaarste in Vlaanderen kan dit niet buiten beschouwing gelaten worden.
De MCDA-methode werd gebruikt als leidraad om op een gestructureerde manier tot een beter begrip van dit complex probleem te komen. De meer negatieve perceptie van de Belgische consument tegenover het gebruik chemische desinfectiemiddelen is een bepalende factor voor het gebruik van (ijs)water in België, ook al kan deze methode geen garantie bieden voor de microbiële veiligheid van het eindproduct en ligt het verbruik van drinkbaar water hoger. Dan luidt de vraag nog: ‘wat vindt u belangrijker?’
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