Moeten we leren om de fear of missing out te omarmen in de perfecte wereld van Instagram?
Instagram. De plek waar je er altijd knap uitziet, waar je de mooiste reizen maakt en waar je voortdurend omringd bent door de beste vrienden. De plek waar ongeluk niet lijkt te bestaan. Maar is dit echt zo? Waarom wordt er toch ook gesproken over hoe ongelukkig sociale media ons maakt? Is het allemaal echt zo zwart-wit? In mijn scriptie onderzocht ik de verschillende effecten van Instagram gebruik op het psychische welbevinden bij 414 jongvolwassenen.
De obstakels van de jongvolwassenheid
Rode Neuzen Dag, Te Gek?!, Overkop, Tele-Onthaal, … Het verwarmt mijn hart om te zien hoeveel initiatieven er de afgelopen jaren zijn ontstaan voor ons psychisch welzijn. In mijn onderzoek spitste ik me toe op het psychisch welzijn van jongeren tussen 18 en 26 jaar. Deze levensfase wordt de emerging adulthood genoemd en wordt gezien als een instabiele periode met veel plots opkomende veranderingen zoals gaan studeren, een job vinden, alleen wonen, relaties opbouwen, ... Dergelijke zaken brengen mogelijks stress teweeg, één van de meest impactvolle mentale toestanden. Op basis van verschillende onderzoeken wordt gesteld dat studenten uit het hoger onderwijs een hoger risico vertonen op het ontwikkelen van een depressie in vergelijking met de algemene populatie.
Happy Instagram feed, happy life
Een Amerikaanse studie toonde aan dat in de periode tussen 2005 en 2017 depressieve klachten bij emerging adults met wel 63% steeg. Deze stijging in psychische klachten bij de emerging adults, zou volgens de literatuur deels te maken hebben met de toename van sociale media gebruik. We zien dat Instagram momenteel de op vier na meest populaire sociale medium is. In België zijn maar liefst 7 miljoen mensen actief op Instagram, waarvan de grootste groep van gebruikers tussen de leeftijd van 19 en 24 jaar oud zijn.
Een mogelijke reden voor de toename aan populariteit van Instagram, is dat het gebruik van dit medium meer gericht is op het opbouwen van onze eigen identiteit. Dit in tegenstelling tot andere platformen, zoals bijvoorbeeld Facebook, waarbij de focus eerder ligt op het onderhouden van sociale contacten. Het opbouwen van onze identiteit vormt een essentieel element in onze ontwikkeling, en dit zeker als jongvolwassenen. We gaan dit doen door een stukje uit ons persoonlijk leven te delen met de buitenwereld aan de hand foto’s en video’s. Op deze manier behouden we enigszins contact met anderen en krijgen we bovenal ook bevestiging en erkenning via likes en comments. In sommige gevallen ontstaan er zelfs gemeenschappen zoals bijvoorbeeld de body positive movement. Onderzoeken tonen aan dat deze zaken maken dat Instagram een positief effect kan hebben op ons gemoed en zelfs kan zorgen voor daling in psychische klachten.
Of toch geen happy life?
Toch blijkt er een keerzijde te zijn aan de medaille. We horen vaker dat sommige mensen een ‘sociale media verslaving’ ontwikkelen. Dit is geen gekke vaststelling, wanneer je weet dat onderzoek aantoont dat dezelfde beloningsprocessen zich afspelen bij het ontvangen van likes, zoals bij mensen met een verslaving aan middelen. Daarnaast zijn er ook onderzoeken die een duidelijk verband tonen tussen Instagram gebruik en depressieve klachten, angstklachten, stressklachten en het ontwikkelen van een eetstoornis.
Is Instagram nu goed of slecht voor ons psychisch welzijn?
Dergelijke bevindingen maken het moeilijk om een duidelijk antwoord te formuleren op deze vraag. Bij het zoeken naar de reden van deze verschillen in onderzoek, kwam telkens één component terug: de sociale vergelijking. De sociale vergelijkingstheorie van Festinger vertelt ons dat het eigen is aan de mens om onze ideeën, vaardigheden, kenmerken en attitudes te gaan vergelijken met die van anderen en deze te evalueren. Op basis van deze evaluatie bouwen we onze identiteit op, waaruit we kunnen stellen dat het eigenlijk onvermijdelijk is om zich te vergelijken met anderen.
Een manier om zich te vergelijken is de opwaartse vergelijking, waarbij we ons gaan vergelijken met mensen die het beter hebben of doen dan ons. Dit kan dit resulteren in een angst, namelijk de angst dat anderen belonende dingen ervaren, waarvan wij afwezig zijn. Dit noemen we de fear of missing out of FoMO en wordt in de literatuur gezien als een vorm of soms ook als een gevolg van sociale opwaartse vergelijking.
In huidig onderzoek werd aan de hand van verschillende vragenlijsten geprobeerd een antwoord te formuleren op de ultieme vraag van dit onderzoek. Is Instagram goed of slecht voor ons psychisch welzijn? De gemengde bevindingen van eerder onderzoek werd bevestigd. Wanneer jongvolwassenen meer angst ervaren bij het gebruik van Instagram, was dit gelinkt met meer depressieve klachten en stressklachten. Dit verband werd deels verklaard door FoMO, wat een indicatie kan zijn voor een factor die bijdraagt aan de verschillen in de effecten van het gebruik van Instagram. We zien echter ook dat hoe meer volgers de jongvolwassenen hebben, hoe minder depressieve klachten ze bleken te hebben.
Voorbeeldvragen vragenlijst 'angst gepaard met Instagram gebruik'.
De take-away van mijn scriptie
We kunnen stellen dat de hele kwestie rond de gevolgen van sociale media gebruik, in dit geval Instagram gebruik, geen zwart-wit verhaal is. Het is duidelijk dat Instagram zijn negatieve gevolgen heeft en tegelijk ook positief kan zijn voor ons psychisch welzijn. Veel lijkt op het eerste zicht te maken te hebben met andere verklarende factoren zoals onder meer de ervaren FoMO, wat nauw samenhangt met sociale vergelijking.
De boodschap die ik zelf meeneem uit mijn onderzoek? Dat we er niet omheen kunnen dat we ons vergelijken met anderen. Dat als we rondkijken naar alles wat anderen hebben en wij niet, we oneindig kunnen bezig zijn. Dat we ons beter focussen op de zaken die er wel zijn. Op de zaken die in het echte leven recht voor onze neus zitten. Op de zaken die ons verbinding en geluk geven waar we allemaal naar verlangen en wat we allemaal verdienen.
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