DE VIDEOGAMERENAISSANCE

Jan-Bart
De Muelenaere

Kunst had tijdens de renaissance een onmiskenbare invloed op mens en maatschappij, maar was dit een uniek fenomeen? Als we videogames beschouwen als een nieuwe kunstvorm en we erkennen de invloed die videogames uitoefenen op zowel individueel als maatschappelijk vlak, kunnen we dan niet spreken van een nieuwe renaissance in eigen tijd? Geen ‘renaissance’ die terugkijkt naar het verleden, maar een renaissance als afgelijnde periode van grote menselijke en wetenschappelijke verandering dankzij (een nieuwe) kunst.

Onder gamers bestaat er geen twijfel dat videogames kunst zijn en ook veel kunstenaars, kunstkenners en musea voor moderne kunsten onderschrijven de status van videogames als nieuwe kunstvorm. Games zijn dan ook een verzamelwerk waar zowel literatuur, theater, architectuur, muziek, schilder- en beeldhouwkunst samen in vervat zitten. Ook gamecartridges en -consoles als voorwerp op zich dragen een kunstzinnige waarde met zich mee. Als Duchamp een urinoir kan laten tentoonstellen, dan mag het Museum voor Moderne Kunst in New York ook een arcadekast van Pac-Man in hun vaste collectie op te nemen. Videogames zijn kunst. De vraag of ze ook ‘grootse’ kunst zijn, is al iets moeilijker. Grootsheid van kunst is afhankelijk van twee factoren: ‘publiek’ en ‘tijd’. Zo kreeg de renaissance ruim 500 jaar tijd om aan mythevorming te doen, games amper 50 jaar.

Een spiegel doorheen de tijd

De technologische sprongen die games en gameontwikkelaars maakten lopen parallel met de wetenschappelijke vooruitgang die kunstenaars maakten tijdens de renaissance. Zo weerspiegelt de herontdekking van het perspectief door Brunelleschi, de levensechte olieverfschilderijen van Van Eyck, de vierstemmige polyfonie van de Vlaamse componisten en de architectuur van ‘de ideale stad’ van Alberti met respectievelijk de komst van 3D in videogames, de grafische evolutie naar realisme, de komst van 4-kanaals geluidschips en de mogelijkheden om digitale gamesteden naar eigen ideaal te creëren.

Hoe opvallend deze technologische parallellen ook zijn, ze zijn maar een klein onderdeel van een groter vergelijk gelinkt aan de invloed die kunst en games met elkaar delen. Over de invloed van videogames en de steeds toenemende gamificatie van de wereld lijkt tegenwoordig geen twijfel meer te bestaan. Net zoals de kunsten uit de renaissance werden ingezet om dankzij gedetailleerde illustraties geneeskunde te verbeteren of door de adel en politici om status te verkrijgen, worden ook games en gamemechanismen ingezet in zowat elke tak van de maatschappij om op een recreatieve manier bepaalde doelen te bereiken. Zo puzzelen gamers wereldwijd samen in de game FoldIt om menselijk DNA te ontwarren en gebruiken politici de game Among Usom hun kiezers te overtuigen om op hen te stemmen.

Games zijn de kunstvorm die we in huidige tijd het meest nodig hebben.

Waar schilder- en beeldhouwkunst de kunstvorm van de elite was, zijn games nu de kunstvorm van het volk. Net zoals de elite in de renaissance deden, gebruikt nu het volk hun kunstvorm om status aan te geven en aan maatschappijkritiek te doen. Zo worden games zoals Counter-Strike gebruikt om nieuws ter beschikking te stellen van gamers in landen waar media streng gecensureerd wordt. Kunstenaars gebruiken game-elementen om wan- en oorlogsmisdaden op een confronterende manier publiek kenbaar te maken. Gamers gebruiken hun gezamenlijke macht om onrecht tegen te gaan, bedrijven van mening te doen herzien en zelfs de koers van de beurs bij te sturen. Maar games en gamers maken ook als eerste moeilijke maatschappelijke thema’s rond gender en diversiteit bespreekbaar, helpen mee aan de heropbouw van monumenten zoals de Notre Dame of halen via Twitch miljoenen dollars op voor goede doelen.

Zijn wie je echt wil zijn

Als de renaissance de aandacht vestigde op het individu, dan vestigt het huidige tijdperk van videogames de aandacht op de ideale zelf. Los van maatschappelijke regels, publieke verwachtingen, feitelijke status en sociale conventies, kan de gamer online zijn wie hij wenst te zijn. Het online personage van gamers ligt daarbij een stuk dichter bij de ideale zelf.

De meeste gamers spelen dan ook samen met collega gamers van over de ganse wereld, zonder elkaar ooit te hebben gezien. Ze werken samen om recreatieve of evengoed nuttige doelen te bereiken op een collegiale, grensverleggende manier, los van politiek, kleur, gender, identiteit of nationaliteit. Games verbinden. Ook al zijn games niet de vorm van kunst die sommigen wensen, zijn ze op dat vlak wel de kunstvorm die we in huidige tijd misschien wel het meest nodig hebben.

De videogamerenaissance is geboren

De geschiedenis herhaalt zich misschien niet, maar ze rijmt wel. Nemen we de weerspiegeling in wetenschappelijke vooruitgang samen met de overvloed aan parallelle invloeden tussen de kunsten van de renaissance en games in huidige tijd, dan kan men stellen dat er gesproken mag worden van een nieuwe renaissance met videogames als nieuwe kunstvorm. Of het tijdperk van videogames dat pas in 1972 begon ook effectief de titel ‘Videogamerenaissance’ toebedeeld zal krijgen, is afhankelijk van game- en kunstliefhebbers en van het nodige geduld dat ook de andere moderne kunstvormen zoals theater, film en comics nodig hadden om erkend te worden. Of korter gezegd, is de bevestiging van de videogamerenaissance afhankelijk van twee factoren: ‘publiek’ en ‘tijd’. Hoog tijd om aan mythevorming te doen.

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‘Tavern with tric-trac or backgammon players, Adriaen van Ostade (1610–1685), Guildhall Art Gallery’. ART UK. Geraadpleegd 1 juli 2023. https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/tavern-with-tric-trac-or-backgammon-players-52171.

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Peters, Jay. ‘MrBeast is joining Fortnite with his own skins and $ 1 million challenge’. The Verge, 12 december 2022. Geraadpleegd 17 juli 2023. https://www.theverge.com/2022/12/12/23502483/mrbeast-fortnite-skin-1-million-survival-challenge-icon.

Pidd, Helen. ‘Anders Breivik ‘trained’ for shooting attacks by playing Call of Duty’. The Guardian, 19 april 2012. Geraadpleegd 17 juli 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/19/anders-breivik-call-of-duty.

Piller, Micky. ‘Relativiteit (deel I)’. Escher in het Paleis. Geraadpleegd 30 juni 2023. https://www.escherinhetpaleis.nl/verhaal-van-escher/relativiteit-deel-i/.

Pixel Museum Brussel. Geraadpleegd 2 juli 2023. https://pixel-museum.brussels.

Plunkett, Luke. ‘The inspiration behind Ico's iconic cover art’. Kotaku, 30 november 2011. Geraadpleegd 1 juli 2023.https://kotaku.com/the-inspiration-behind-icos-iconic-cover-art-5863620.

Porges, Seth. ‘The true story behind the original video game ‘easter egg’ that inspired Ready Player One’. Forbes, 2017. Geraadpleegd 7 juli 2023. https://www.forbes.com/sites/sethporges/2017/12/20/the-true-story-behind-the-original-video-game-easter-egg-that-inspired-ready-player-one/?sh=5d7d75bc2976.

Price, Leigh. ‘10 best government simulation games, ranked’. GameRant, 15 juli 2023. Geraadpleegd 23 juli 2023.https://gamerant.com/best-government-simulations/.

Radford, Tim. ‘Computer games linked to violence’. The Guardian, 24 april 2000. Geraadpleegd 17 juli 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/apr/24/timradford.

Ragesaq. Beethoven was a Sith Lord - Moonlight Sonata. Geraadpleegd 30 juni 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnzwGYCT3Ow.

Reichert, Matt. ‘Why is the identity of developers behind early video games sometimes a mystery?’. Atari, 2 februari 2022. Geraadpleegd 7 juli 2023. https://atari.com/blogs/atari/why-is-the-identity-of-developers-behind-early-video-games-sometimes-a-mystery.

Reuters. ‘Ubisoft offers Notre-Dame-themed Assassin's Creed game for free’. HiTech, 18 april 2019. Geraadpleegd 25 juli 2023. https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/ubisoft-offers-notre-dame-themed-assassin-s-creed-game-for-free-story-HHy05nhworxt3kgOku0k9N.html.

Reymann-Schneider, Kristina. ‘How the game ‘Counter-Strike’ fights fake news in Russia’. Digital World, 10 mei 2023. Geraadpleegd 23 juli 2023. https://www.dw.com/en/how-the-game-counter-strike-fights-fake-news-in-russia/a-65569552.

Rhodes, Phil. ‘The battle for realism: the evolution of realtime 3D graphics’. RedShark News, 1 september 2021. Geraadpleegd 12 juli 2023. https://www.redsharknews.com/the-battle-for-realism-the-evolution-of-realtime-3d-graphics.

Robinson, Jon. ‘High vs low art’. Medium, 19 juli 2020. Geraadpleegd 6 juli 2023. https://medium.com/art-direct/high-vs-low-art-24a4eeb8b0c.

Rolling Stone. Super Mario Bros speedrunner Niftski on winning a world record for playing a game twice his age. Geraadpleegd 18 juli 2023. https://youtu.be/LNP1a1nVXUI.

Romancikova, Nina. ‘Violent ends: fights, brawls, feuds and duels in Elizabethan England’. Shakespeare's Globe blog. Geraadpleegd 17 juli 2023. https://shakespearesglobeblog.tumblr.com/post/161054467023/violent-ends-in-elizabethan-england.

Rose, Edd. ‘Top 10 creator cameos in gaming’. CBR, 23 juli 2022. Geraadpleegd 17 juli 2023. https://www.cbr.com/gaming-top-creator-cameos/#dan-forden-has-a-toasty-cameo-in-mortal-kombat.

Rosney, Daniel. ‘The last of us: tv series of hit game praised by critics’. BBC, 16 januari 2023. Geraadpleegd 7 juli 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-64261582.

Sammyuri. I made Minecraft in Minecraft with redstone!. Geraadpleegd 24 juli 2023. https://youtu.be/-BP7DhHTU-I.

Sample, Ian. ‘What are deepfakes and how can you spot them?’. The Guardian, 13 januari 2020. Geraadpleegd 12 juli 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/jan/13/what-are-deepfakes-and-how-can-you-spot-them.

Save Data. Why the Temple of Time's theme in Ocarina of Time is such an amazing piece of Zelda music. Geraadpleegd 1 juli 2023. https://youtu.be/UF-NWkqmoIk.

Schiesel, Seth. ‘Supreme Court has ruled: now games have a duty’. New York Times, 28 juni 2011. Geraadpleegd 5 juli 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/29/arts/video-games/what-supreme-court-ruling-on-video-games-means.html.

Shakir, Umar. ‘The Super Mario Bros theme is the first video game tune to enter the Library of Congress’. The Verge, 12 april 2023. Geraadpleegd 15 juli 2023. https://www.theverge.com/2023/4/12/23680052/super-mario-bros-theme-music-us-library-of-congress-nintendo.

Sharf, Zack. ‘‘Indiana Jones 5’ de-aged Harrison Ford with A.I.’. Variety, 6 februari 2023. Geraadpleegd 12 juli 2023. https://variety.com/2023/film/news/indiana-jones-5-artificial-intelligence-de-age-harrison-ford-unreleased-footage-1235514222/.

Singh, Anisha. ‘12 beste kunstwedstrijden om mee te doen in 2023’. Pixpa, 25 januari 2023. Geraadpleegd 5 juli 2023. https://www.pixpa.com/nl/blog/art-contests.

Smith, Georgina. ‘MrBeast surprises small streamer with $ 50k just for completing Minecraft’. Dexerto, 8 maart 2021. Geraadpleegd 16 juli 2023. https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/mrbeast-surprises-small-streamer-with-50k-just-for-completing-minecraft-1529039/.

Smith, Jazmin. ‘Why art historians still ignore comics’. Jstor Daily, 5 juli 2017. Geraadpleegd 6 juli 2023. https://daily.jstor.org/why-art-historians-still-ignore-comics/.

Smith, Megan. ‘8 games that explore art’. Gamerant, 1 februari 2023. Geraadpleegd 1 juli 2023. https://gamerant.com/games-explore-art.

Stemm, Rick. ‘Video games as an art form: everything’s interactive’. Howlround, 20 april 2016. Geraadpleegd 7 juli 2023. https://howlround.com/video-games-art-form.

Stuart, Keith. ‘Gamer communities: the positive side’. The Guardian, 31 juli 2013. Geraadpleegd 25 juli 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/gamesblog/2013/jul/31/gamer-communities-positive-side-twitter.

Sullivan, Paul. ‘A museum's seal of approval can add to art's value’. The New York Times, 14 oktober 2016. Geraadpleegd 6 juli 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/15/your-money/a-museums-seal-of-approval-can-add-to-arts-value.html.

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Szelinski, Cailyn. ‘10 best games with no goals’. Screenrant, 18 december 2022. Geraadpleegd op 26 juni 2023. https://screenrant.com/best-no-goal-games-like-the-block/.

Tedx Talks. Kellee Santiago - an argument for game artistry. Geraadpleegd 3 juli 2023. https://youtu.be/K9y6MYDSAww

Telltale. Geraadpleegd 17 juli 2023. https://telltale.com

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Thompson, Wendy. ‘Giovanni Battista Piranesi (1720–1778)’. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Geraadpleegd 23 juni 2023. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/pira/hd_pira.htm.

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Tran, Edmond. ‘Shadow of the Colossus review: a timeless classic’. GameSpot, 30 januari 2018. Geraadpleegd 23 juli 2023. https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/shadow-of-the-colossus-review-a-timeless-classic/1900-6416845/.

Tucker, Abigail. ‘The art of videogames’. Smithsonian Magazine, 2012. Geraadpleegd 1 juli 2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-art-of-video-games-101131359/.

Ulmer, Alexandra, en Anna Tong. ‘Deepfaking it: America's 2024 election collides with AI boom’. Reuters, 31 mei 2023. Geraadpleegd 12 juli 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/us/deepfaking-it-americas-2024-election-collides-with-ai-boom-2023-05-30/.

Van Miltenburg, Olaf. ‘Frankrijk doet Engelse gametermen bij overheidscommunicatie in de ban’. Tweakers, 31 mei 2022. Geraadpleegd 17 juli 2023. https://tweakers.net/nieuws/197392/frankrijk-doet-engelse-gametermen-bij-overheidscommunicatie-in-de-ban.html.

Vandervelden, Jos, en Heidi Van Rompuy. ‘Vlaming Chris Umé scoort met deepfakes in “America's Got Talent”, maar mag je dat ook doen zonder toestemming?’. VRT nws, 14 september 2022. Geraadpleegd 12 juli 2023. https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2022/09/14/mag-je-zomaar-iemand-tot-leven-brengen-met-een-deepfake/.

Walker, John. ‘Master of pottery’. Buried Treasure, 11 februari 2020. Geraadpleegd 1 juli 2023. https://buried-treasure.org/2020/02/master-of-pottery/.

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Yarwood, Jack. ‘The most beautiful video games inspired by famous artists’. Vice, 29 september 2015. Geraadpleegd 1 juli 2023. https://www.vice.com/en/article/qbxm9d/the-most-beautiful-video-games-inspired-by-famous-artists-211.

Yokta, Steff. ‘Balenciaga and Fortnite team up for digital-to-physical partnership’. Vogue, 20 september 2021. Geraadpleegd 21 juli 2023. https://www.vogue.com/article/balenciaga-fortnite-partnership.

Zahn, Andy. ‘Cyberpunk 2077’. Lifewire, 23 februari 2021. Geraadpleegd 12 juli 2023. https://www.lifewire.com/cyberpunk-2077-review-5113844.

Zambonin, Bernard. ‘GameStop stock's short sellers have lost over $320 Million in 2023 ... so far’. The Street, 19 juni 2023. Geraadpleegd 25 juli 2023. https://www.thestreet.com/memestocks/gme/gamestop-stocks-short-sellers-have-lost-over-320-million-in-2023-so-far.

Zetterstrand. Geraadpleegd 30 juni 2023. https://zetterstrand.com.

 

III. FILM

Baird, Jon S. Tetris. Digitaal. 2023, Apple TV+: Apple Studios, 2023.

Gelb, David. Stan Lee. Digitaal. 2023, Disney+: Marvel Studios, 2023.

Godon, Seth. The king of kong: a fist full of quarters. Digitaal. 2007, Verenigde Staten: Picture House, 2008.

Horvath, Aaron, en Michael Jelenic. The super Mario bros. movie. Digitaal. 2023, Verenigde Staten: Universal Pictures, 2023.

Swirsky, James, en Lisanne Pajot. Indie game: the movie. Digitaal. 2012, iTunes: BlinkWorks Media, 2012.

Tulis, Jonah, en Blake J. Harris. Console wars. Digitaal. 2020, CBS All Access: Legendary Television, CBS Television Studios en Point Grey Pictures, 2020.

 

IV. GAMES

Akifusa, Yusuke. Everybody 1-2-Switch! Download Switch. 2023: Nintendo, 2023.

Aonuma, Eiji, en Nintendo EAD. The legend of Zelda: ocarina of time. Nintendo 64. 1998: Nintendo, 1998.

AZGames. Master of pottery. Download Steam. 2019: AZGames, 2019.

Barr, Pippin. The artist is present. Browser. 2011: Pippin Barr, 2022.

Beat Games. Beat saber. Download Meta Quest 2. 2019: Beat Games en Oculus VR, 2019.

Blow, Jonathan. The witness. PS4. 2016: Thejka, Inc., 2016.

Buthell, Mike. Thomas was alone. Download Switch. 2010: Mike Bithell, 2021.

Chyr, William. Manifold garden. PS5. 2019: William Chyr Studio LLC, 2021.

Désilets, Patrice, en Ubisoft Montreal. Assassin's creed. PS3. 2007: Ubisoft, 2007.

DRAMA. Unrecord. Download Steam. 2023: DRAMA, 2023.

Eklund, Ken. World without oil. Online. 2007: Independent Television Service, 2007.

Fox, Nate, en Sucker Punch Productions. inFAMOUS second son. PS4. 2014: Sony Computer Entertainment, 2014.

GoodbyeWorld Games. Before your eyes. Download macOS. 2021: Skybound Games, 2023.

Harmonix. Guitar hero. PS3. 2005: RedOctane en Activision, 2015.

Hatsushiba, Hiroya, en tri-Crescendo. Eternal sonata. PS3. 2007: Namco Bandai Games, 2009.

Insomniac Games. Marvel's Spider-Man: Miles Morales. PS5. 2020: Sony Interactive Entertainment, 2020.

Kamiya, Hideki, en Clover Studio. Okami. PS4. 2006: Capcom, 2017.

Kyogoku, Aya, en Nintendo EPD. Animal crossing: new horizon. Switch. 2020: Nintendo, 2020.

Levine, Ken. BioShock infinite. PS3. 2013: 2K, 2013.

Lialina, Olia. My boyfriend came back from the war. Browser. 1996: Olia Lialina, 1996.

Lighthouse Games Studio. Comedy night. Download macOS. 2017: Lighthouse Games Studio, 2017.

London Studio. SingStar. PS3. 2004: Sony Computer Entertainment Europe, 2007.

McNamara, Brendan, en Team Bondi. L.A. noire. PS3. 2011: Rockstar games, 2011.

Mikami, Shinji, en Tango Gameworks. The evil within. PS4. 2014: Bethesda Softworks, 2014.

Miyamoto, Shigeru, Takashi Tezuka en Nintendo EAD. The legend of Zelda. NES. 1986: Nintendo, 1986.

Mondragon, Maria, en Loyola Press. Wanderlight, a pilgrim's adventure. Browser. 2020: Loyola Press, 2020.

Nintendo EPD en Intelligent Systems. WarioWare: move it! Switch. 2023: Nintendo, 2023.

Persson, Markus, en Mojang Studios. Minecraft education. Download iPadOS. 2016: Mojang, 2018.

–––. Minecraft. Download iOS. 2011: Mojang Studios, 2011.

Piegdon, Nicholas. Synthesia. Download macOS. 2006: Synthesia LLC., 2007.

Popovic, Zoran. Dragonbox. Download iOS. 2012: WeWantToKnow AS, 2012.

Potamianos, James. Smash drums. Download Meta Quest 2. 2021: PotamWorks SAS, 2021.

Sarwar, Imran, en Rockstar Games. Red dead redemption II. PS4. 2018: Rockstar Studios, 2018.

Slaczka, Jeremiah, en 5th Cell. Scribblenauts. Nintendo DS. 2009: Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment, 2009.

Straley, Bruce, Neil Druckmann en Naughty Dog. The last of us. PS4. 2013: Sony Computer Entertainment, 2014.

Symphonic Games. Maestro VR. Download Steam. 2022: Symphonic Games, 2022.

Takeyasu, Sawaki. El Shaddai: ascension of the Metatron. PS3. 2011: UTV Ignition Games, 2011.

Taylor, Ty, en Mario Castañeda. The bridge. Download Switch. 2013: The Quantum Astrophysicists Guild, 2017.

Ubisoft Paris en Ubisoft Milan. Just dance. Wii. 2009: Ubisoft, 2009.

University of Washington. Foldit. Download macOS. 2008: University of Washington, 2008.

Von Ahn, Luis. Duolingo. Download iOS. 2011: duolingo, 2020.

Waterzooi, Thomas. Please, touch the artwork. Download Switch. 2022: Studio Waterzooi, 2020.

Wright, Will. SimCity. Download macOS. 1989: Maxis en Electronic Arts, 2013.

Zuniga, Leo, Devin Knudsen en Vicarious Visions. Tony Hawk's pro skater 1 + 2. PS4. 2020: Activision, 2020.

 

Download scriptie (6.56 MB)
Universiteit of Hogeschool
Universiteit Gent
Thesis jaar
2023
Promotor(en)
Francis Maes