Apartheid door de lens van water in de Westelijke Jordaanoever
Onder de schaduw van olijfbomen, waar hoop en wanhoop samenkomen, vertelt een Palestijnse moeder haar kind: “Bahd qalil,” binnenkort zal het water stromen. In dorre dorpen klinken lege kranen en stoffige wegen als een stille schreeuw. De stemmen van de dorstigen, met lege emmers in hun handen, herhalen de belofte van “bahd qalil” – binnenkort. Maar de belofte blijft vaak onvervuld, en de dorst groeit.
Water is meer dan een bron van leven. In de Westelijke Jordaanoever is het een bron van ongelijkheid en strijd. Terwijl Palestijnse velden verdrogen en gezinnen geduldig wachten op een paar druppels water, vullen enkele kilometers verderop Israëlische kolonisten zwembaden en besproeien ze hun tuinen. Dit is waterapartheid: een wereld waar de toegang tot water de grens trekt tussen overvloed en schaarste, tussen veiligheid en onzekerheid.
Water als Politiek Wapen
In het Israëlisch-Palestijnse conflict speelt water een cruciale rol. Het begrip "waterapartheid" beschrijft de systematische controle over waterbronnen door Israëlische autoriteiten en Mekorot, het nationale waterbedrijf van Israël. Deze controle leidt tot een groot verschil in waterbeschikbaarheid en -kwaliteit: waar Israëlische kolonisten onbeperkt toegang hebben tot water, moeten Palestijnen vaak weken wachten tot hun watertanks worden gevuld.
De ongelijkheid in waterbeheer is gebaseerd op drie pijlers van waterapartheid:
- Systematische Controle en Discriminatie
Israël heeft een monopolie op de waterbronnen in de Westelijke Jordaanoever en beperkt bewust de toegang van Palestijnen tot water. Hierdoor stroomt het water voornamelijk naar Israëlische kolonisten, terwijl Palestijnse gemeenschappen onder schaarste lijden. - Economische Exploitatie en Dominantie
Mekorot hanteert discriminerende praktijken, zoals het installeren van kleinere leidingen in Palestijnse gebieden om de waterdruk en -stroom te beperken. Dit ondermijnt de economische ontwikkeling en verhindert de opbouw van een onafhankelijke Palestijnse watersector. Bovendien zorgt de overexploitatie door Mekorot van Palestijnse watervoorraden ervoor dat deze verder uitgeput raken. - Fysieke Barrières en Isolatie
De bouw van de apartheidsmuur isoleert Palestijnse gemeenschappen van hun eigen waterbronnen. Deze muur fungeert niet alleen als een fysieke scheidslijn, maar ook als een middel om de controle over de waterbronnen te behouden. Hierdoor moeten Palestijnse boeren vaak grote afstanden afleggen om toegang te krijgen tot hun eigen bronnen.
Deze pijlers vormen de basis van een systeem waarin water niet alleen een essentiële levensbron is, maar ook een middel van controle en overheersing.
Israëls Watercontrole: Van Innovatie tot Ongelijkheid
Israël heeft zich de afgelopen decennia getransformeerd van een land met watertekorten tot een ware “watermacht.” Door middel van geavanceerde technologieën, ontzilting en waterhergebruik heeft Israël zijn watervoorziening veiliggesteld. Hoewel dit een prestatie op zichzelf is, heeft het een schaduwzijde: deze innovatie en infrastructuur gaan ten koste van de toegang tot water voor Palestijnen.
De Israëlische overheid beheert de Westelijke Jordaanoever via Mekorot, dat 85% van de waterbronnen in het gebied controleert. Hierdoor krijgen Israëlische nederzettingen, waarvan de bouw internationaal als illegaal wordt beschouwd, een disproportioneel deel van het beschikbare water. Dit contrast is het meest schrijnend in de zomer, wanneer Palestijnse huishoudens moeite hebben om de basisbehoeften aan water te vervullen, terwijl zwembaden in Israëlische nederzettingen worden gevuld.
De Dagelijkse Strijd om Water
Ondanks de beperkingen laten Palestijnse gemeenschappen hun veerkracht en creativiteit zien. In veel gebieden maken zij gebruik van traditionele methoden, zoals het opvangen van regenwater in tanks. In steden zoals Nablus, waar water slechts om de paar dagen beschikbaar is, vertrouwen gezinnen op watertanks op hun daken en plannen ze hun dagelijkse activiteiten nauwkeurig rond de beperkte beschikbaarheid van water. Bedoeïenengemeenschappen, zoals in Masafer Yatta, moeten het stellen met regenwater en andere traditionele bronnen om te overleven in een landschap waar water schaars is en zwaar wordt gecontroleerd.
Waterapartheid als Mensenrechtenschending
Internationale mensenrechtenorganisaties, waaronder Amnesty International en Human Rights Watch, beschouwen de situatie van waterapartheid in de Westelijke Jordaanoever als een schending van het internationaal recht. Volgens het ‘Internationaal Verdrag inzake de Onderdrukking en Bestraffing van de Misdaad van Apartheid’ zijn de Israëlische beperkingen op Palestijnse toegang tot water een vorm van apartheid: het systematisch onderdrukken van een bevolkingsgroep op basis van afkomst en etniciteit.
Toch is er tot nu toe geen formele erkenning van deze situatie als apartheid door internationale rechtbanken. De complexiteit van het Israëlisch-Palestijnse conflict en de invloed van politieke belangen maken het lastig om tot een doorbraak te komen.
Naar een Gelijke Toegang tot Water
De watercrisis in de Westelijke Jordaanoever is geen kwestie van natuurlijke schaarste, maar van ongelijkheid in distributie en toegang. Er zijn genoeg waterbronnen om zowel Israëliërs als Palestijnen van water te voorzien, maar politieke hervormingen en internationale druk zijn essentieel om de verdeling rechtvaardiger te maken.
De veerkracht van Palestijnse gemeenschappen, hun creativiteit en hun vastberadenheid verdienen erkenning en steun van de internationale gemeenschap. Alleen door een eerlijke toegang tot water te waarborgen, kan deze levensbron weer een symbool worden van hoop en vooruitgang, in plaats van een middel voor conflict en ongelijkheid.
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