Is de koloniale schade aangericht door België vergeven of vergeten?

1. BIBLIOGRAPHy
2. LEGISLATION
3. International Treaties

Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 4 November 1950, European Treaty Series, No. 005.

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 16 December 1966, United Nations Treaty Series, Vol. 999.

UNESCO Convention on the means of prohibiting and preventing the illicit import, export and transfer of ownership of cultural property of 14 November 1970, United Nations Treaty Series, Vol. 823.

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 3 January 1976, United Nations Treaty Series, Vol. 993. 

Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment of 26 June 1987, United Nations Treaty Series, Vol. 1465. 

Convention concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (adopted by the General Conference of the International Labour Organisation at its seventy-sixth session) of 27 June 1989, United Nations Treaty Series, Vol. 1650.

Convention on the Rights of the Child of 10 November 1989, United Nations Treaty Series, Vol. 1577.

UNIDROIT Convention on stolen or illegally exported cultural objects of 24 June 1995, United Nations Treaty Series, Vol. 2421.

Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court of 17 July 1998, United Nations Treaty Series, Vol. 2187. 

 

 

1. EU Treaties

Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin, Official Journal of the European Union 19 July 2000, L 180/22.

Council Framework Decision 2008/913/JHA of 28 November 2008 on combating certain forms and expressions of racism and xenophobia by means of criminal law, Official Journal of the European Union 6 December 2008, L 328/55.

Directive 2012/29/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 establishing minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2001/220/JHA, Official Journal of the European Union 14 November 2012, L 315/57.

Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union, Official Journal of the European Union 26 October 2012, C 326/13.

Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Official Journal of the European Union 26 October 2012, C 326/47.

Charter of Fundamental Rights, Official Journal of the European Union 26 October 2012, C 326/391. 

1. UN Decisions

Resolution 1514 (XV) of the UN General Assembly (14 December 1960), UN Doc. A/RES/1514 (1960).

Resolution 56/83 of the UN General Assembly (28 January 2002), UN Doc. A/RES/56/83 (2002).

Resolution 56/266 of the UN General Assembly (15 May 2002), UN Doc. A/RES/56/266 (2002).

Resolution 60/147 of the UN General Assembly (21 March 2006), UN Doc. A/RES/60/147 (2006).

Resolution 73/262 of the UN General Assembly (15 January 2019), UN Doc. A/RES/73/262 (2019).

 

1. Other International Texts

Abuja Declaration of the first Abuja Pan-African Conference on Reparations For African Enslavement, Colonization And Neo-Colonization, sponsored by The Organization Of African Unity and its Reparations Commission (29 April 1993). 

Accra Declaration on Reparations and Repatriation of the Truth Commission Conference (12 August 1999). 

1. National Legislation

Italy-Libya Friendship Treaty of 30 August 2008 (Trattato di amicizia, partenariato e cooperazione tra la Repubblica italiana e la Grande Giamahiria araba libica popolare socialista, fatto a Bengasi il 30 agosto 2008), Italian Chamber of Representatives, 16th Legislature, No. 2041. 

Equality Act of 8 April 2010 (2023 Amendment), Stationery Office 8 November 2023, c. 28.

Law No. 125 of 11 August 2014 (Legge 11 agosto 2014, n. 125), Gazzetta Ufficiale 29 August 2014; 

Resolution of 7 July 2017 on the Segregation of which the Metis from the Period of the Belgian Colonization in Africa were Victims (Resolutie over de segregatie waarvan de metissen uit de periode van de Belgische kolonisatie in Afrika het slachtoffer zijn geweest), Belgian Chamber of Representatives 2017-18, Doc. 54 2952/007.

Bill of 24 December 2020 on the Return Of Cultural Property to the Republic Of Benin and the Republic of Senegal, Journal Officiel de la République Française 26 December 2020, No. 0312.

Law of 4 August 2021 on Inclusive Development and Combating Global Inequalities (Loi du 4 août 2021 de programmation relative au développement solidaire et à la lutte contre les inégalités mondiales), Journal Officiel de la République Française 5 August 2021, No. 180

Bill of 3 July 2022 Recognizing the Alienability of Goods Linked to the Belgian State’s Colonial Past and Determining a Legal Framework for their Restitution and Return, Moniteur Belge 28 September 2022, 70.607.

Resolution of 9 December 2022 of the Council of Ministers (Resolução do Conselho de Ministros n.º 121/2022, de 9 de dezembro),  Diário da República 9 December 2022,

Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act of 29 June 2023, Stationary Office 19 July 2023, c. 28. 

1. National Parliamentary Documents

Official Report of the House of Commons on the Parliamentary Debates (6 June 2013), Vol. 563, No. 13

Report of the Parliamentary Hearing on the Subject of the Metises of Belgium (De kwestie van de metissen uit de periode van de Belgische kolonisatie in Afrika), Belgian Senate 2017-18, No. 6-355/1, 62-69. 

Expert Report of the Parliamentary Committee of Enquiry in Charge of Research on the Congo Free State (1885-1908) and the Belgian Colonial Past in Congo (1908-1960), Rwanda And Burundi (1919-1962), the Impact and the Consequences this Should be Given (Bijzondere Commissie belast met het onderzoek over Congo-Vrijstaat (1885-1908) en het Belgisch koloniaal verleden in Congo (1908-1960), Rwanda en Burundi (1919-1962),de impact hiervan en de gevolgen diehieraan dienen gegeven te worden) (“Congo Committee”), Belgian Chamber of Representatives 2021-22, Doc. 55 1462/003, 511-514.

Report of the House of Commons’ International Development Committee on racism in the aid sector (23 June 2022), HC 150. 

 

 

 

1. CASE LAW
2. International Courts 

ACHPR 6 November 2000, No. 231/99, Avocats sans Frontières (on behalf of Gaëtan Bwampamye)/Burundi

ACHPR 7 May 2001, No. 211/98, Legal resources foundation/Zambia.

ACHPR 7 May 2001, No. 218/98, Civil Liberties Organisation, Legal Defence Centre, Legal Defence and Assistance Project/Nigeria.

ECtHR 22 June 2004, No. 31443/96, Broniowski/Poland. 

ECtHR 22 February 2005, No. 35014/97, Hutten-Czapska/Poland.

HRC 30 March 1982, CCPR/C/15/D/45/1979, Suárez de Guerrero/Colombia. 

HRC 29 August 2003, CCPR/C/78/D/941/2000, Young/Australia.

IACtHR 27 November 1998, Series C No. 42, Loayza Tamayo/Peru (Reparations).

IACtHR 20 January 1999, Series C No. 44, Suárez Rosero/Ecuador (Reparations).

IACtHR 26 May 2001, Series C No. 77, Villagrán Morales e.a./Guatemala (Street Children Case). 

IACtHR 30 November 2001, Series C No 87, Barrios Altos/Peru. 

IACtHR 27 February 2002, Series C No. 92, Trujillo Oroza/Bolivia. 

ICJ 9 April 1949, Corfu Channel Case (UK/Albania), I.C.J. Rep. 1949, 4. 

ICJ 20 February 1969, North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (Germany/Denmark and Germany/Netherlands), I.C.J. Rep. 1969, 3.

ICJ 24 May 1980, Case concerning United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran (USA/Iran), I.C.J. Rep. 1980, 3. 

ICJ 26 November 1984, Nicaragua Case (Nicaragua/USA), I.C.J. Rep. 1984, 392.

ICJ 30 June 1995, East Timor Case (Portugal/Australia), I.C.J. Rep. 1995, 9.

ICJ 25 September 1997, Case concerning the Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia), I.C.J. Rep. 1997, 7.

ICJ 9 July 2004, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Rep. 2004, 136. 

PCA 4 April 1928, Island of Palmas Case (Netherlands/USA), I.C.G.J. 1928, 14.

PCIJ 26 July 1927, Chorzow Factory Case (Germany/Poland), P.C.I.J. Rep. 1928., Series A, No. 9, 5.

PCIJ 14 June 1938, Phosphates in Morocco (Italy/France Phosphates in Morocco, P.C.I.J. Rep. 1938, Series A/B, No. 74, 10.

1.  
2. National Case Law

British High Court of Justice 2 August 2018, No. HQ13X02162, Kimathi and Ors/The Foreign and Commonwealth Office.

The Hague Court of First Instance 25 March 2020, No. C/09/428182, Rawagede case.

Brussels Court of First Instance 8 December 2021, L.T.M. e.a./Belgium (published in J.L.M.B. 2022, Vol. 22, 984). 

 

 

 

1. JURISPRUDENCE
2. UN Documents

Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Question of Impunity of Perpetrators of Human Rights Violations (Civil and Political) (2 October 1997), UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/20/Rev.1 (1997).

Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, in Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of Its Fifty-third Session, UN Doc. A/56/10 (2001). 

Report of the Regional Conference for Africa (27 March 2001), UN Doc. A/CONF.189/PC.2/8 (2001).

Report of the World Conference Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance (January 2002), UN Doc. A/CONF.189/12 (2002).

HRC General Comment No. 31, The Nature of the General Legal Obligation Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant (26 May 2004), UN Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13 (2004).

Report of the UN Secretary-General (23 August 2004), UN Doc. S/2004/616 (2004). 

Updated Set of principles for the protection and promotion of human rights through action to combat impunity of the Commission on Human Rights on its sixty-first session (8 February 2005), UN Doc. E/CN.4/2005/102/Add.1 (2005).

Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, Study on the right to the truth, Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (8 February 2006), UN Doc. E/CN.4/2006/91 (2006).

Report of the Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, Mutuma Ruteere on the Twenty-Third Session of the Human Rights Council (2 April 2013), UN Doc. A/HRC/23/56 (2013). 

Draft Conclusions on Identification of Customary International Law, in Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of Its Seventieth Session (30 April-1 June and 2 July-10 August 2018), UN Doc. A/73/10 (2018).

Draft Articles on Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Humanity, in the Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of Its Seventy-first Session, UN Doc. A/74/10 (2019).

HRC Report on Global Extractivism and Racial Equality (14 May 2019), UN Doc. A/HRC/41/54 (2019). 

Report of the Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance (21 August 2019), UN Doc. A/74/321 (2019). 

Statement by M. BACHELET, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights at the 43rd session of the HRC Urgent Debate on current racially inspired human rights violations, systemic racism, police brutality against people of African descent and violence against peaceful protests (17 June 2020).

Summary of the panel discussion on the negative impact of the legacies of colonialism on the enjoyment of human rights. Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (1 June 2023), UN Doc. A/HRC/54/4 (2023). 

1.  
2. Books

 

ABDI, A.A., Decolonizing Philosophies of Education, Rotterdam, SensePublishers, 2011, 195 p.

ALIVERTI, A., CARVALHO, H., CHAMBERLEN, A. and SOZZO, M., Decolonizing the Criminal Question: Colonial Legacies, Contemporary Problems, s.l., Oxford University Press, 2023, 417 p. 

ANGHIE, A., Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005, 356 p. 

BHABHA, J., MATACHE, M. and ELKINS, C., Time for reparations: a global perspective in Pennsylvania studies in human rights, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2021, xiii+396 p.

BRIGGS, H.W., The international law commission, Ithaca (N.Y.), Cornell university press, 1965, xv+380 p.

BROCH-DUE, V., Violence and Belonging: the quest for identity in post-colonial Africa, s.l, Routledge, 2004, 272 p.   

CHAMBERLAIN, M.E., The Scramble for Africa, London, Longmans, 1974, 163 p.

CHRISTOFOLETTI, R. and BOTELHO, M.L., International Relations and Heritage: Patchwork in Times of Plurality, Cham, Springer International Publishing, 2021, 477 p.

CRAWFORD, J., Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012, 785 p. 

CRAWFORD, J., PELLET, A. and OLLESON, S., The Law of International State Responsibility, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2010, 1296 p. 

CRAWFORD, J., State Responsibility: The general part, New York, Oxford University Press, 2013, 825 p.

DU PLESSIS, M. and STEHPEN, P., Repairing the Past? International Perspectives on Reparations for Gross Human Rights Abuses, Antwerp, Intersentia, 2007, 455 p. 

FALOLA, T., Colonialism and Violence in Nigeria, s.l., Indiana University Press, September 25, 2009, 257 p. 

FÖRSTER, S., MOMMSEN, W.J. and ROBINSON, R., Bismarck, Europe, and Africa: the Berlin Africa Conference 1884-1885 and the onset of partition, Oxford, University Press, 1988, xviii+569 p. 

GARDNER, L. and ROY, T., The economic history of colonialism., Bristol, University Press, 2020, xviii+226 p

GILIKER, P., Research Handbook on EU Tort Law in Research Handbooks in European Law, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2017, xxxii+480 p.

GOLD, P., Europe Or Africa?: A Contemporary Study of the Spanish North African Enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, s.l., Liverpool University Press, 2000, 216 p.

GRIFFITHS, I.L., The African Inheritance, London, Routledge, August 10, 1995, 232 p.

HARLOW, B. and CARTER, M., The Scramble for Africa, Durham (NC), Duke University Press, 2003, 852 p. 

HOWARD-HASSMANN, R.E. and LOMBARDO, A.P., Reparations to Africa, Philadelphia (PA), University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008, 272 p. 

HUYSE, L., Alles gaat voorbij, behalve het verleden, Leuven, Van Halewyck, 2006, 205 p. 

INIKORI, J.E., British Imperialism and Globalization, c. 1650-1960: Essays in Honour of Patrick O’Brien, Martlesham, Boydell & Brewer, 2022, 348 p. 

KESTEMONT, L. and SCHOUKENS, P., Rechtswetenschappelijk schrijven, Leuven, Acco, 2017, 144 p. 

KONADU-AGYEMANG, K., TAKYI, B.K. and ARTHUR, J.A., The New African Diaspora in North America: Trends, Community Building, and Adaptation, s.l., Lexington Books, 2006, 330 p.   

LAUTERPACHT, H., The Function of Law in the International Community, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1933, 477 p.

LOPEZ, A.E., Decolonizing educational leadership: exploring alternative approaches to leading schools, Cham, Switzerland, Palgrave Macmillan, 2020, xiii+96 p.

LOTEM, I., The Memory of Colonialism in Britain and France: The Sins of Silence in Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies, Cham, Springer International Publishing, 2021, 438 p. 

MAMDANI, M., When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda, s.l., Princeton University Press, 2020, 392 p.

MAZRUI, A.A., Black Reparations in the Era of Globalization, New York, Institute of Global Cultural Studies, 2002, 164 p.

MCGONEGAL, J., Imagining Justice: The Politics of Postcolonial Forgiveness and Reconciliation, s.l., McGill-Queen’s Press - MQUP, 2009, 248 p. 

MIGNOLO, W.D., The Darker Side of Western Modernity, Durham, Duke University Press, 2011, 458 p.

NAGY, R., Transitional Justice, New York, NYE Press, 2005, 382 p.

NATERMANN, D.M., Pursuing Whiteness in the Colonies: Private Memories from the Congo Freestate and German East Africa (1884-1914), Münster, Waxmann, 2018, 270 p. 

OECD, Development Co-operation Profiles, Paris, OECD Publishing, 2023, (no total pages). 

PAGE, M.E. and SONNENBURG, P.M., Colonialism: an international social, cultural, and political encyclopedia, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2003, 1208 p.

PODDAR, P., A historical companion to postcolonial literatures: continental Europe and its empires in Edinburgh Companions to Literature and the Humanities, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2008, 689 p.

PRESS, S., Rogue Empires: Contracts and Conmen in Europe’s Scramble for Africa, Cambridge (MA), Harvard University Press, 2017, 371 p.

RANDELZHOFER, A. and TOMUSCHAT, C., State Responsibility and the Individual: Reparation in Instances of Grave Violations of Human Rights, s.l., Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1999, 310 p. 

SAITO, N.T., Settler Colonialism, Race, and the Law : Why Structural Racism Persists, New York, New York University Press, 2020, 344 p. 

SHANGUHYIA, M.S. and FALOLA, T., The Palgrave Handbook of African Colonial and Postcolonial History, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2018, 1362 p. 

STANARD, M.G., The Leopard, the Lion, and the Cock. Colonial Memories and Monuments in Belgium, Leuven, Leuven University Press, 2019, 338 p. 

SYLVESTER, C., Art/Museums: International Relations Where We Least Expect It, Boulder (CO), Routledge, 2009, 240 p. 

TAOUA, P., African freedom: how Africa responded to independence, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2018, 321 p.

TYTHACOTT, L. and ARVANITIS, K., Museums and Restitution: New Practices, New Approaches, s.l., Routledge, 2014, 189 p. 

VAN BEURDEN, J, Treasures in trusted hands: negotiating the future of colonial cultural objects, Leiden, Sidestone Press, 2017, 294 p. 

VAN BEURDEN, J., Inconvenient Heritage: Colonial Collections and Restitution in the Netherlands and Belgium, Amsterdam, University Press, 2022, 248 p. 

VAN HOECKE, M., Methodologies of legal research: which kind of method for what kind of discipline?, Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2011, 310 p. 

VERSFELT, W., The Miangas Arbitration, Utrecht, Kemink en Zoon, 1933, 156 p.

ZARTMAN, I.W., Ripe for Resolution: Conflict and Intervention in Africa, s.l., Oxford University Press, 1985, 260 p. 

1. Contributions to Edited Books

ALDRICH, R., “Apologies, Restitutions, and Compensation: Making Reparations for Colonialism” in THOMAS, M. and THOMPSON, A.S., (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Ends of Empire, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2018, 714-732.

AU, S. and CORNET, A., “Medicine and colonialism” in VANDENDRIESSCHE, J. and MAJERUS, B. (eds.), Medical histories of Belgium, s.l., Manchester University Press, 2021, 99–133. 

BLAIKIE, P. and BROOKFIELD, H., “Colonialism, development and degradation” in BLAIKIE, P. and BROOKFIELD, H. (eds.), Land Degradation and Society, London, Routledge, 2015, 100-121. 

BOYLE, A., “Soft Law in International Law-Making” in EVANS, M.D. (ed.), International Law, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2018, 118-137. 

BRUYNEEL, K., “The Trouble with Amnesia: Collective Memory and Colonial Injustice in the United States” in BERK, G., GALVAN, D., and HATTAM, V. (eds.), Political Creativity: Reconfiguring Institutional order and Change, Philadelphia (PA), University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013, 1-30 (preprint).

CESAIRE, A., “Discourse on Colonialism” in BRYDON, D. (ed.), Postcolonialism: Critical Concepts, London, Routledge, 2023, 310-339.

CONDORELLI, L., “Custom” in MAYOR, F.  and BEDJAOUI, M. (eds.), International Law: Achievements and Prospects, Leiden, Brill Nijhoff, 1992, 179-211.

FAY, D. and JAMES, D., “The anthropology of land restitution: an introduction” in FAY, D. and JAMES, D. (eds.), The Rights and Wrongs of Land Restitution: ‘Restoring What Was Ours, London, UK, Routledge, 2008, 1–24. 

FREEMAN, M., “Back To The Future: The Historical Dimension Of Liberal Justice” in DU PLESSIS, M. (ed.), Repairing the Past? International Perspectives on Reparations for Gross Human Rights Abuses, Antwerp, Intersentia, 2007, 29-51. 

GAYLE PLUMMER, B., “Brown Babies. Race, Gender, and Policy after World War II” in GAYLE PLUMMER, B. (ed.), Windows on Freedom. Race, Civil Rights, and Foreign Affairs, 1945-1988, Chapel Hill and London, The University of North Carolina Press, 2003, 67-91.

GEWALD, J.-B., “Herero genocide in the twentieth century: Politics and memory” in ABBINK, J., VAN WALRAVEN, K. and DE BRUIJN, M. (eds.), Rethinking Resistance, s.l., Brill, 2003, 279–304.

GOROBETS, K., “Practical Reasoning and Interpretation of Customary International Law” in MERKOURIS, P., KAMMERHOFER, J. and ARAJÄRVI, N. (eds.), The Theory, Practice, and Interpretation of Customary International Law in The Rules of Interpretation of Customary International Law, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2022, 370-392.

HIGGINS, R., “Some Observations on the Inter-temporal Rule in International Law” in MAKARCZYK, J. (ed.), Theory of International Law at the Threshold of the 21st Century: Essays in Honour of Krzystof Skubiszewski, The Hague, Kluwer Law International, 1996, 867-874.

KIEH, G.K. and AGBESE, P.O., “Introduction: the tragedies of the authoritarian state in Africa” in G.K. KIEH AND P.O. AGBESE (eds.), Reconstructing the authoritarian state in Africa, London, Routledge, 2014, 1-17.

KOTZUR, M., “The temporal dimension: Non-retroactivity and its discontents” in TZANAKOPOULOS, A. (ed.), Research Handbook on the Law of Treaties, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2014, 153-186.

LEINS, K., “International Customary Law and Principles” in LEINS, K. (ed.), New War Technologies and International Law: The Legal Limits to Weaponising Nanomaterials, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2022, 86–118.

MASSON, F. and SMITH, L.H., “Colonisation as collective trauma: Fundamental perspectives for social work” in KLEIBL, T., LUTZ, R., NOYOO, N., BUNK, B., DITTMANN, A., SEEPAMORE, B. (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Postcolonial Social Work, s.l., Routledge, 2019, 13-26. 

MENDELSON, M. H., “The formation of customary international law” in BARRETT, J. and GAUCI, J.P. (eds.), British Contributions to International Law, 1915-2015 (Set): An Anthology Set, Leiden, Brill, 2020, 155-244.

MORTON, S., “Torture, Terrorism and Colonial Sovereignty” in MORTON, S. and BYGRAVE, S. (eds.), Foucault in an Age of Terror: Essays on Biopolitics and the Defence of Society, London, Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008, 183–195. 

PAQUETTE, J., “The ghosts of empire: Francophone West African nationalism, Holocaust memory, and the Franco-African summit meetings of 1951 and 1953” in SMITH, D. (ed.), The Colonial Past in History Textbooks: Historical memory and school textbook controversies across the globe, New York, Routledge, 2017, 101–127.

PARMENTIER, S. and ACIRU, M., “The Whole Truth and Nothing but the Truth? On the Role of Truth Commissions in Facing the Past” in MALCONTENT, P. (ed.), Facing the Past. Amending Historical Injustices Through Instruments of Transitional Justice, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2016, 225-246. 

PRICE, G.N., “The Reparable Damages of European Colonialism in Sub-Saharan Africa” in R.F. AMERICA (ed.), Accounting for Colonialism: Measuring Unjust Enrichment and Damages in Africa, Cham, Springer International Publishing, 2023, 203–212.

REO, N.J. and PARKER, A.K., “Re-thinking colonialism to prepare for the impacts of rapid environmental change” in MALDONADO, J.K., COLOMBI, B. and PANDYA, R. (eds.), Climate Change and Indigenous Peoples in the United States: Impacts, Experiences and Actions, Cham, Springer International Publishing, 2014, 163–174. 

SCHWARZER, A., “[De]colonial Memory Practices in Germany’s Public Space” in U. CAPDEPÓN and S. DORNHOF (eds.), Contested Urban Spaces: Monuments, Traces, and Decentered Memories, Cham, Springer International Publishing, 2022, 125–146. 

TAN, K.-C., “Colonialism, Reparations and Global Justice” in MILLER, J. and KUMAR, R. (eds.), Reparations: interdisciplinary inquiries, s.l., Oxford University Press, 2007, 280–306.

TRICOIRE, D., “The Enlightenment and the Politics of Civilization: Self-Colonization, Catholicism, and Assimilationism in Eighteenth-Century France” in TRICOIRE, D., Enlightened Colonialism: Civilization Narratives and Imperial Politics in the Age of Reason in Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies, Cham, Springer International Publishing, 2017, 25-46.

WILMER, F., “Where You Stand Depends on Where You Sit” in BEIER, J.M. (ed.), Indigenous Diplomacies, New York, Palgrave Macmillan US, 2009, 187–206. 

Journal Articles

ACEMOGLU, D. and ROBINSON, J.A., “Why is Africa poor?”, Economic History of Developing Regions 2010, Vol. 25, No. 1, 21–50.

ADEJUMOBI, S., “Citizenship, Rights, and the Problem of Conflicts and Civil Wars in Africa”, Human Rights Quarterly 2001, Vol. 23, No. 1, 148–170. 

AGUIRRE, D. and PIETROPAOLI, I., “Gender Equality, Development and Transitional Justice: The Case of Nepal”, International Journal of Transitional Justice 2008, Vol. 2, No. 3, 356–377. 

AHMAD, F. and MONAGHAN, J., “World of statues: the ‘war on terror,’ memorialisation, and colonial violence” Critical Studies on Terrorism 2021, Vol. 14, No. 4, 484–489. 

AKEHURST, M., “Custom as a source of international law”, British Yearbook of International Law 1975, Vol. 47, No. 1, 1-53.

AL AMOURI, S. and SMIS, S., “Inter-state Apologies for Colonial Injustices from an International State Responsibility Perspective: A Commentary on the Belgian Controversy”, ASIL Insights 2023, Vol. 27, No. 4, 1-7. 

ALDRICH, R., “Commemorating Colonialism in a Post-Colonial World", Revue électronique d’études sur le monde anglophone 2012, Vol. 10, No. 1, 1-16.

AMINEDDOLEH, L., “The Role of Museums in the Trade of Black Market Cultural Heritage Property”, Art Antiquity & L. 2013, Vol. 18, No. 3, 227–254. 

ANDRIEU, K., “Transitional justice: A new discipline in Human Rights”, Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence 2010, Vol. 18, 1-37. 

ANTKOWIAK, T.M., “Truth as Right and Remedy in International Human Rights Experience”, Mich. J. Int'l L. 2002, 977-1013. 

AUSTIN, G., “African Economic Development and Colonial Legacies”, International Development Policy 2010, No. 1, 11–32.

AZARYAHU, M., “German reunification and the politics of street names: the case of East Berlin”, Political Geography 1997, Vol. 16, No. 6, 479–493.

BABOU, C.A., “Decolonization or National Liberation: Debating the End of British Colonial Rule in Africa”, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 2010, Vol. 632, No. 1, 41–54.

BARRIO, C., “The Cultural Relevance of Community Support Programs”, Psychiatric Services 2000, Vol. 51, No. 7, 879–884. 

BASSIOUNI, M.C., “International Recognition of Victims’ Rights”, Human Rights Law Review 2006, Vol. 6, No. 2, 203–279.

BEAMAN, J, “Toward a Reading of Black Lives Matter in Europe”, JCMS 2032, Vol. 59, 103-114. 

BELMONTE, C., “Monuments of Italian Colonialism as a Transcultural Heritage: Invisibility, Restitutions, Absence”, Interventions 2024, 1-17.

BESTERMAN, T., “Crossing the Line: Restitution and Cultural Equity” in TYTHACOTT, L. and ARVANITIS, K. (eds.), Museums and Restitution: New Practices, New Approaches, s.l., Routledge, 2014, 24–36. 

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