Lijmloze motor maakt elektrische voertuigen écht circulair
Lijmloze motor maakt elektrische voertuigen écht circulair
Door Vincent Van de Peer, UGent
De elektrische wagen wordt vaak gepresenteerd als hét symbool van duurzaamheid. Maar achter die groene façade schuilt een hardnekkig probleem: de motoren zelf zijn nauwelijks recycleerbaar. Ze zitten vol lijm, hars en complexe materialen die niet van elkaar te scheiden zijn. Het gevolg? Kostbare grondstoffen verdwijnen in de shredder.
In mijn masterproef als industrieel ingenieur aan de UGent wilde ik dat anders doen. Ik ontwierp een elektromotor die zo in elkaar zit dat ze na gebruik volledig kan worden gedemonteerd , zonder ook maar één druppel lijm.
Waarom dit belangrijk is
Vandaag eindigt het leven van een elektromotor meestal in een brute versnipperaar. Dat is goedkoop en snel, maar het vernietigt waardevolle componenten zoals koperdraden en permanente magneten. Die magneten bevatten zeldzame aardmetalen zoals neodymium en dysprosium: schaars, duur en vaak met een zware ecologische voetafdruk.
Als we elektrische mobiliteit echt duurzaam willen maken, moeten we verder kijken dan het energieverbruik tijdens het rijden. We moeten ook nadenken over wat er gebeurt aan het einde van de rit.
Mijn oplossing: bouten in plaats van lijm
De kern van mijn onderzoek? Een rotor waarin magneten niet worden vastgelijmd, maar mechanisch geklemd met bouten en stalen segmenten. Dat klinkt eenvoudig, maar technisch is dit niet zo voor de hand liggend. Een rotor draait aan duizenden omwentelingen per minuut. De magneten moeten dus perfect op hun plaats blijven, ook zonder lijm.
Met behulp van geavanceerde simulaties onderzocht ik hoe sterk en stabiel de constructie moest zijn. De resultaten waren verrassend: de lijmloze rotor bleek niet alleen stevig genoeg, maar presteerde zelfs beter op sommige vlakken dan sommige klassieke ontwerpen. Door het weglaten van ‘magnetische ribben’ (stalen bruggen die normaal veel magnetische flux doen verliezen) steeg de efficiëntie van de motor.
Van theorie naar praktijk
Na de simulaties volgde het echte werk: bouwen. Eerst een 3D-geprint model om het ontwerp te testen, daarna een echt werkend prototype. De magneten werden via mechanische klemming op hun plaats gehouden met nauwkeurig passende schouderbouten.
Het resultaat? Een motor die volledig niet-destructief demonteerbaar is. Na montage konden we de segmenten individueel losmaken en de magneten opnieuw verwijderen. Dat is iets wat bij klassieke motoren gewoon onmogelijk is.
Tijdens de tests draaide de motor soepel en vertoonde hij hetzelfde gedrag als een conventioneel ontwerp zonder merkbare afwijkingen, met één groot voordeel: hij is volledig recycleerbaar.
Klaar voor opschaling
Om te onderzoeken of het ontwerp ook toepasbaar is op grotere motoren, zoals die in elektrische wagens, simuleerde ik een opgeschaalde versie met hogere snelheden. Daarbij bleek dat een andere boutconfiguratie met radiale in plaats van axiale bouten de constructie nog stabieler maakte. Die variant is ideaal voor industriële toepassingen.
Ons prototype is niet bedoeld om morgen in productie te gaan, maar het bewijst wel dat elektrische machines fundamenteel anders kunnen worden ontworpen. Als we van bij het begin rekening houden met recyclage, besparen we enorm veel materiaal en energie.
Van lineair naar circulair
Dit onderzoek past perfect binnen de principes van de circulaire economie: producten ontwerpen om te herstellen, hergebruiken of recycleren. In de motorindustrie staat dat idee nog in zijn kinderschoenen. De focus ligt vooral op prestaties en kostprijs. Maar duurzaamheid hoeft geen nadeel te zijn. Met enkele slimme ontwerpkeuzes kunnen we motoren bouwen die minstens even goed presteren én veel makkelijker uit elkaar te halen zijn.
Duurzaamheid begint bij het ontwerp
Voor mij was deze masterproef meer dan een technisch project. Ik wilde iets ontwikkelen dat niet alleen werkt op papier, maar ook maatschappelijk relevant is. Duurzaamheid begint niet bij recyclage, maar bij het ontwerp. Als ingenieur kun je met kleine beslissingen in het begin een groot verschil maken aan het einde van de levenscyclus.
Met mijn demonteerbare motor toon ik dat innovatie en duurzaamheid perfect kunnen samengaan. De uitvinding maakt het mogelijk om elektrische motoren te hergebruiken, grondstoffen te besparen en de ecologische voetafdruk van elektrische mobiliteit aanzienlijk te verkleinen.
De elektrische wagen van morgen mag dan wel stil zijn, maar hopelijk maakt hij ook wat minder lawaai voor het milieu.
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