Bouwen op Mars: geopolymeren van in situ grondstoffen
Het leven elders dan op Aarde mogelijk maken is één van de doelen van de Amerikaanse ruimtevaartorganisatie NASA. Toekomstige bemande missies naar Mars zullen het noodzakelijk maken om gebouwen en structuren te construeren met behulp van in situ natuurlijke grondstoffen. Deze studie richt zich op de geopolymerisatie van de gesimuleerde Mars ruwe grondstof MGS-1 (Mars Global Simulant), met als doel structuren op Mars te bouwen.
Onze planeet Aarde heeft reeds te maken met een handvol problemen. De exponentiële bevolkingsgroei, klimaatveranderingen, toenemende vervuiling en risico’s voor pandemieën vormen een bedreiging voor de mensheid. De uitbraak van COVID-19 is een actueel voorbeeld hiervan. Daarnaast heeft de mensheid meer en meer interesse in ruimtereizen en manieren om de ruimte te ontdekken. Zo werd afgelopen zomer, meer bepaald op 20 juli 2021, de eerste toeristische ruimtevlucht met succes uitgevoerd door het ruimtevaartbedrijf Blue Origin.
Vooraleer het mogelijk is om een verre reis naar Mars te maken, is het voorbereidende werk cruciaal om deze doelstellingen succesvol te kunnen volbrengen. De ruimtereis is namelijk niet zonder risico en zal met de toenemende evolutie van de technologie steeds haalbaarder vooropgesteld worden. Eens toegekomen op de planeet Mars, moet er een mogelijkheid zijn om daar te kunnen overleven. Vandaar dat dit onderzoek eerst bestudeert wat de atmosferische condities zijn op deze planeet. Verder wordt een tweede piste ingeslagen, namelijk het ontwerp van bouwmaterialen. Deze materialen moeten duurzaam zijn en voldoen aan de extreem lage temperaturen en drukken. Zo zal het bouwen met energie-efficiëntie toepassingen en het gebruik van duurzame materialen niet over het hoofd mogen gezien worden.
De planeet Mars wordt door reeds voorgaand onderzoek uitgesproken als de meest haalbare kaart voor potentieel leven van de mensheid op een plaats elders dan op Aarde. Natriumhydroxide, lithiumhydroxide en natriumsilicaat worden in dit onderzoek gebruikt als alkali activatoren voor het geopolymerisatieproces. Naast MGS-1 wordt metakaolien gebruikt als additief om de hoeveelheid Al2O3 van de geopolymeerprecursor te verhogen. Door de hoge fijnheid en specifieke oppervlakte van metakaolien zal een betere reactiviteit en hogere densiteit van de geopolymeermatrix bekomen worden.
Door de alkaliconcentraties te variëren in een bereik van 6M tot 12M en de mechanische en chemische eigenschappen te analyseren, zal het meest optimale geopolymeermengsel worden bepaald. Tijdens dit onderzoek worden zowel kubusvormige als cilindrische geopolymeermonsters getest. De bedoeling van deze geproduceerde geopolymeren is om deze te karakteriseren op een chemische en mechanische wijze via laboratoriumtesten. De chemische karakterisering gebeurt door de analyse van de verschillende microstructuren en de samenstelling van de functionele groepen in de moleculen. Voor de mechanische karakterisering wordt de druksterkte van de geopolymeren opgemeten.
Na zeven dagen uitharden in de oven op 70 °C behaalde de geopolymeersamenstelling van 8M LiOH.H2O + 7.5 g NaOH de beste resultaten in termen van druksterkte. De cilindrische geopolymeren behalen een druksterkte van 30 ± 2 MPa. De FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) analyse voor geopolymeren met de hoogste druksterkte toont drie verschillende pieken volgens het golflengtespectrum. De eerste twee pieken bij golflengtes van 3350 cm-1 en 1630 cm-1 houden respectievelijk verband met de rektrillingen van -OH groepen en watermoleculen. De piek die waargenomen wordt bij een golflengte van 967 cm-1 vertegenwoordigt de Si-O-Si asymmetrische rektrillingen in het geopolymeermengsel.
Deze geopolymeren met hoge sterkte geven de mogelijkheid voor gebruik in structurele doeleinden. Uit het onderzoek blijkt dat lithiumhydroxide beter presteert dan natriumhydroxide. Dit biedt verdere mogelijkheden voor de optimalisatie van het mengselontwerp met lithiumhydroxide om nog betere mechanische eigenschappen te verkrijgen.
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