Kan transformative justice bijdragen aan het vredesakkoord in Colombia?
Kritiek op het vredesakkoord vanwege gebrekkige implementatie en omgang met lokale gemeenschappen
In 2023 voerde een student aan de Universiteit Gent een studie uit om te onderzoeken in hoeverre transformative justice kan bijdragen aan het vredesakkoord tussen de Colombiaanse regering en de FARC. Deze studie kwam tot stand nadat Post-Conflict Colombia te kampen had met structureel geweld en een stijgende drugproductie, waardoor het vredesakkoord kritiek kreeg vanwege de gebrekkige implementatie en de manier waarop het omgaat met lokale gemeenschappen en actoren.
Theoretische mogelijkheden van transformative justice als antwoord op gebreken in het vredesakkoord
De studie maakte gebruik van een systematische literatuurstudie en expertinterviews. Daaruit bleek dat het vredesakkoord zich te veel concentreerde op een statelijke en gecentraliseerde aanpak, waarbij werd aangenomen dat post-conflict Colombia gepaard ging met eenheid. Ondanks deze aanpak stuitte het vredesakkoord op veel weerstand vanwege een gebrek aan sociale cohesie, zowel tussen staat en burger, alsook tussen burgers onderling, en een gebrek aan statelijke aanwezigheid in lokale gebieden. Hierdoor word het makkelijk voor gewapende actoren, zoals drugkartels om controle te krijgen over bepaalde gebieden.Theoretisch zou transformative justice hierop een antwoord kunnen bieden door lokale inbreng en middelen te benadrukken, prioriteit te geven aan het proces boven de uitkomst en ongelijke machtsverhoudingen en uitsluitingsstructuren uit te dagen. Concepten zoals empowerment, verzet en participatie door slachtoffers en gemeenschappen, staan hierbij centraal.
Potentiële voordelen van transformative justice voor lokale gemeenschappen in de strijd tegen georganiseerde misdaad
Met behulp van transformative justice zouden lokale gemeenschappen kunnen worden getransformeerd tot functionele gemeenschappen, waardoor de democratie als het ware tot bij hen wordt gebracht. Dit zou de sociale cohesie kunnen verbeteren en het vertrouwen in het vredesakkoord vergroten. Op deze manier kan de relatie tussen de staat en de lokale gemeenschappen worden versterkt en kan lokale input binnen het nationale debat worden vergroot. Gemeenschappen zouden op deze manier beter wapend worden in de strijd tegen georganiseerde misdaad.
Toekomstig onderzoek naar de strijd tegen georganiseerde misdaad.
De studie toont aan dat transformative justice, theoretisch gezien, een potentieel heeft om bij te dragen aan de aanpak van post-conflict geweld vanuit de georganiseerde misdaad in Colombia. Echter, blijft er nog steeds meer onderzoek nodig naar de relatie tussen lokale gemeenschappen en georganiseerde misdaad en de verhouding tussen transitional justice en transformative justice in de praktijk. Desondanks blijft deze studie hoopvol in de strijd tegen georganiseerde misdaad in Post-Conflict Colombia.
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