Scriptiebank overzicht

Women make up half of the global population and spend nearly one third of their lives in perior postmenopause. This period is marked by major hormonal changes that not only impact the reproductive system, the brain is greatly affected too. Despite this, the female brain remains understudied, and relatively little is known about how menopause influences brain health. Previous research has shown that during the menopause transition, the brain becomes less efficient at using glucose, its main energy source under normal circumstances. These metabolic changes may alter brain structure and function, potentially contributing to common menopause symptoms, such as hot flushes, mood changes or memory problems. They may also partly explain why women have a higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease later in life. This thesis contributes to a better understanding of the menopausal brain by using advanced medical imaging techniques to investigate changes in the brain’s white matter. In the long term, this research may contribute to improved public health and women’s healthcare, by advancing our understanding of menopause-related brain changes and female brain aging. Findings may positively impact healthcare professionals, public health organizations, researchers in neuroscience and women’s health, pharmaceutical and biotech companies. Most importantly, this research may eventually improve patients’ quality of life by supporting better management of menopausal symptoms and informing earlier detection, prevention, and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease.

Gully erosion threatens the livelihoods of rural farmers by causing direct cropland loss and reducing agricultural productivity. In the Shafe catchment of southern Ethiopia, smallholder farmers facing severe food insecurity have implemented gully interventions (GIs) to counter this land degradation. Yet the spatial distribution of these GIs remains highly uneven. This study investigates which GIs have been implemented, what drives their adoption, and whether this adoption has spread as a diffusion process over time.

To investigate GI adoption, fieldwork was conducted across two rural administrative units in the Shafe catchment. GI presence was mapped for 751 gullies based on field observations and drone surveys. Additionally, a household survey of 178 farmers was conducted, providing socio-economic and perceptual data of the farmers, their plots and their gullies. Variables were tested through univariate screening and logistic regression models. Finally, spatial clustering and spatio-temporal modelling were used to investigate the adoption of GIs over time.

Results indicate that GIs in the Shafe catchment are dominated by loose rock check dams and banana plantations. Conservation and economic motivations drive farmers to combine these interventions, since they promote gully stabilisation through sediment infilling while simultaneously creating additional agricultural opportunities on the gully floor. Field observations identified at least one GI in 18% of mapped gullies, with treated gullies being larger and located closer to roads and settlements.

The household survey, capturing individual farmer decisions across multiple gullies, suggests 48% of farmer-reported gullies have been treated at some point. Farmers across the study area share a broadly similar subsistence-oriented profile. With 88% of the farmers having implemented at least one GI somewhere on their land, motivation is near-universal. The central question is therefore not who adopts, but where: farmers preferentially treat gullies that are accessible, on productive plots close to the homestead, exclusively owned, and perceived as severely impacted. Adoption likelihood is slightly higher for farmers exclusively dependent on agriculture and those with sufficient economic surplus. Predictive models based on spatial variables and socio-economic variables provide a step towards a practical targeting framework.

This study also presents one of the first attempts to diffusion analysis for gully interventions. GI adoption shows significant spatial clustering. A weak but detectable diffusion effect suggesting that farmers are more likely to adopt GI when neighbouring farmers have done so in prior years, pointing to informal knowledge spreading. However, data limitations remain substantial and further research should confirm this with more complete data.

In daily life, we constantly make decisions that require us to navigate multiple sources of information. For example, when deciding whether to push or pull to open a door, the design of the door handle may trigger the automatic response tendency to pull, while a “push” sign indicates the opposite response. This mismatch illustrates how various informational cues can signal different response options that compete for activation, thereby placing demands on our ability to control responses. Such situations have sparked a large body of research to study how well individuals can flexibly control their responses during cognitive conflict.

The central problem identified and addressed in this Master Thesis is that current conceptualizations of response control lack the specificity to provide a complete picture of this control ability. Traditionally, researchers have relied on summary statistics that only provide a coarse description of response control. The move toward computational modeling, with the Diffusion Model for Conflict tasks (DMC), allows response control to be studied in terms of latent processes that give rise to behavior. Despite these advances, I argue that a critical oversight remains: current model-based measures of response control neglect the full state of the decision-maker. Specifically, distractor strength, as quantified by the model’s “peak amplitude” parameter, is used as a proxy for response control. In other words, the notion of response control is often approached in a narrow and isolated manner. To address this oversight, the present thesis aims to refine the conceptualization of response control by taking the broader decision context into account. The first part therefore investigates how peak amplitude interacts with other DMC parameters, using a simulation-based approach. Based on these findings, alternative measures of response control are developed and systematically evaluated against comparative criteria. In the final part of the present work, the most robust measure is applied on empirical data in relation to the existence of a common response control mechanism underlying performance in different conflict tasks.

Through theoretical simulations, the results show that peak amplitude should not be considered in isolation to study response control. Rather, the effect of distractor strength (peak amplitude) on behavior depends on the amount of evidence one accumulates (decision boundary) and efficiency of evidence accumulation (drift rate). This has important implications: two individuals with the same peak amplitude may nevertheless differ greatly in how cognitive conflict impacts their decision formation. Therefore, I provide a novel conceptualization of response control that accounts for the dynamic interplay between automatic and controlled activation. Specifically, Triple R emerges as the most robust model-based measure of response control among the set of candidates outlined in this thesis. Furthermore, when applied to empirical data, the significant positive correlation of Triple R between different conflict tasks provides evidence for a common response control mechanism across contexts. This finding speaks directly to the long-standing debate on the domain-generality of response control and demonstrates the value of Triple R as a context-sensitive measure of response control.

The ability to control and suppress unwanted influences on decision-making processes is essential for adaptive behaviour. While research has shown that people can adjust their behaviour following conflict between two competing response alternatives, it remains unclear whether individuals have metacognitive insight into the extent to which conflicting and irrelevant information affects their decisions. Insight into interfering information can facilitate the optimisation of cognitive control strategies during the decision process.

This study aimed to understand whether subjective experiences of interference align with objective conflict modulation and whether these experiences correspond to behavioural performance and conflict levels induced by task manipulations. Fifty-one participants completed a Flanker task in which stimulus congruency and flanker distance were manipulated. After each trial, participants rated the degree of interference on a continuous scale, obtaining a trial-by-trial measure of their metacognitive sense of conflict. Linear mixed-effects models revealed that reaction times, accuracy, and interference ratings were sensitive to congruency and flanker distance. By fitting the Diffusion Model for Conflict (DMC) to empirical data, we showed that flanker distance primarily modulates latent parameters that measure conflict strength. We assessed the relationship between objective and subjective measures of interference by regressing peak amplitude, a proxy of interference in the DMC, and stimulus congruency on subjective reports. To further understand this relationship, simulation techniques were
leveraged to model the relationship between peak amplitude and subjective interference.

The regression model provided evidence that individuals have insight into interfering information during decision-making. Model simulations further supported this claim by generating results that closely replicated the qualitative features of the empirical data. These findings support an account of conflict monitoring theory that bridges behavioural performance, computational modelling and subjective experience. Future research should extend these findings to other conflict tasks and incorporate neuroimaging techniques to further validate the results. Ultimately, combining subjective reports and objective measures of interference offers a more comprehensive approach to understanding adaptive decision-making when interfering information is present.

Dit onderzoek focust op nanogeneeskunde, in het bijzonder voor pulmonale geneesmiddeltoediening, waarbij zowel de beperkte wateroplosbaarheid van veel geneesmiddelen als de barrièrefunctie van mucus belangrijke formulatie uitdagingen vormen. Apremilast (APR), een slecht wateroplosbare fosfodiësterase 4 inhibitor met therapeutisch potentieel voor cystic fibrosis (CF), vereist een formulering die de oplosbaarheid verhoogt en diffusie door mucus mogelijk maakt. De centrale vraag is of APR nanokristallen (NCs) diffunderen door gezonde en CF-mucusmodellen en welke formulatie en mucusgerelateerde parameters deze diffusie bepalen. Hiervoor beoogt dit onderzoek de ontwikkeling en karakterisering van APR NCs, het formuleren van gezonde en CF mucusmodellen en de evaluatie van APR NC transport doorheen deze barrières.
APR NCs worden geproduceerd via geminiaturiseerde natte kogelmaling (WBM) en gestabiliseerd met Lutrol F127 (Lut), natriumcholaat (NaChol) of NaChol gecombineerd met chitosan HCl (Chit). De NCs worden gekarakteriseerd op deeltjesgrootte, polydispersiteit, zeta potentiaal (ZP) en structurele integriteit. Alle formuleringen leveren gemiddelde deeltjesgroottes onder 250 nm, ruim binnen het vereiste bereik van 200–400 nm en FT IR bevestigt dat APR zijn structuur behoudt. Na één maand opslag bij 4 °C worden kleine deeltjesgroottetoenames gezien voor APR NaChol en APR Chit NaChol. De ZP weerspiegelt de gebruikte stabilisator en duidt op matig stabiele dispersies. Gezonde en CF mucusmodellen met en zonder mucine worden ontwikkeld en gevalideerd via reologie. Shear thinning en visco elastisch gedrag wordt waargenomen, kenmerkend voor luchtwegmucus. CF modellen vertonen hogere viscositeiten en moduli dan gezonde modellen, conform met literatuurgegevens. De diffusie van APR NCs door de mucusmodellen wordt beoordeeld met Franz cellen en gekwantificeerd via HPLC. In alle mucinebevattende modellen is de permeatie van de drie APR NC formuleringen na 6 u consequent 14–40% lager dan in de mucinevrije varianten, wat aangeeft dat mucine een meer restrictieve en fysiologisch realistische diffusiebarrière vormt. In het CF-model met mucine vertoont APR Lut de hoogste permeatie na 6u, waarbij ongeveer 50% geneesmiddeldiffusie wordt bereikt, APR NaChol vertoont een zeer vergelijkbaar niveau en APR Chit NaChol vertoont duidelijk minder permeatie.
Dit onderzoek benadrukt dat WBM de controle over deeltjesgrootte en oppervlaktesamenstelling van NCs mogelijk maakt, waarbij de stabilisator de uiteindelijke oppervlakte eigenschappen en daarmee de mucusdiffusie bepaalt. Een geschikte stabilisator moet een muco inert, sterisch gehydrateerd en neutraal oppervlak creëren dat elektrostatische en hydrofobe interacties met mucine minimaliseert. Dit onderzoek bevestigt de waarde van alginaat/mucine hydrogels als reproduceerbaar platform voor vroege screening van mucustransport. Toekomstig werk omvat langetermijn stabiliteitsstudies, extra oppervlaktemodificaties van NCs en de incorporatie van meer CF specifieke componenten in de mucusmodellen.

This thesis investigates how Iran’s underground Heavy Metal1 scene operates as a form of cultural and political resistance within the constraints of an authoritarian state. Drawing on qualitative methods, including semi-structured interviews, document analysis of lyrics and artwork, and digital ethnography of online communities, the study examines how musicians and fans negotiate political identity despite censorship and moral policing. The analysis is anchored in theoretical contributions from sound studies, subcultural theory, and resistance scholarship, particularly the works of Jacques Attali and Steve Goodman. Four interrelated analytical lenses are proposed: Sonic Resistance Identity (the formation of political subjectivity through sound), Repetitive Resistance (Camus’s Sisyphean logic applied to enduring subcultural defiance), Digital Vernacular Resistance (locally adapted strategies for
navigating surveillance), and Subcultural Infiltration (the slow diffusion of Metal aesthetics into mainstream youth culture due to infrastructural fatigue). Findings show that participation in metal, despite often not overtly political, is inherently oppositional in Iran, with distinct challenges for women, whose engagement constitutes “double dissidence.” The study concludes that resistance in this context is less about overt revolution and more about the sustained creation of alternative cultural spaces, where sound becomes both a medium and a metaphor for autonomy.

Lithium-ion batterijen spelen een belangrijke rol in de wereldwijde verschuiving weg van traditionele fossiele brandstoftechnologieën naar meer duurzame oplossingen voor energieproductie en -opslag. Echter, met de toenemende vraag naar Li-ion batterijen neemt ook de afhankelijkheid van kritieke grondstoffen, waaronder kobalt, toe. Een mogelijke oplossing ligt in de ontwikkeling van kobaltvrije elektroden, wat de afhankelijkheid van schaarse hulpbronnen zou kunnen verminderen. Deze masterthesis richt zich op het bestuderen van de volgende generatie LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) spinel positieve elektroden. Om het optimale ontwerp van Li-ion batterijen met deze LNMO positieve elektrode te modelleren, is het belangrijk om betrouwbare en kwantitatieve waarden te verkrijgen voor onder andere de lithium-ion diffusiecoëfficiënt. Het hoofddoel van deze thesis is daarom het ontwikkelen van een robuust begrip van de evolutie van de lithiumdiffusiecoëfficiënt in dunne film LNMO-elektroden door middel van diverse experimentele benaderingen. Doordat de elektrode een dunne film is in plaats van een composiet, kan een systeem worden gemodelleerd waarin andere componenten zoals bindmiddelen en geleidende toevoegingen worden vermeden. De technieken die worden gebruikt om de diffusiecoëfficiënt te bepalen zijn GITT, PITT en ICI. Met deze technieken kan de evolutie van de diffusiecoëfficiënt als functie van de spanning worden bepaald. De drie technieken resulteren in diffusiviteiten die qua grootteorde verschillen, maar dezelfde trends laten zien. Voor respectievelijk ICI, PITT en GITT worden diffusiecoëfficiënten gevonden die variëren van 10−9 tot 10−13 cm²/s, 10−11 tot 10−13 cm²/s en 10−13 tot 10−15 cm²/s. Door de verschillende technieken te vergelijken, wordt geconcludeerd dat PITT het meest betrouwbaar is om de diffusiecoëfficiënt te bepalen voor dunne film LNMO-elektroden, vooral in het hoge spanningsgebied. Bovendien wordt ook de impact van de dikte van de dunne filmelektrode onderzocht. Dit toonde een gedragsverandering vanaf een dikte van 200 nm.

Deze scriptie onderzocht de rol van witte stof op de taalvaardigheden van kleuters met autisme.

Hysteroscopy is well accepted in the Netherlands and Flanders, but differences in practice exist.

Au/MgO-type catalysts for the carbonylation of glycerol with urea. Effect of the morphology and macro/meso-porous structure of the supportM. Van Oudenhove1, W.Y. Hernández2*, A. Verberckmoes1 and P.

Taalproblemen bij kinderen met rolandische epilepsie: op zoek naar een neuro-anatomisch substraatSam Denys°Marjolein Verly*Dit artikel beschrijft de taalvaardigheid van kinderen met rolandische epilepsie en de meest recente ontwikkelingen binnen de structurele beeldvorming. Op basis van Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) wordt een poging gewaagd om een neuro-anatomisch substraat te vinden dat aan de basis ligt van de taalproblemen bij deze kinderen.InleidingBenigne rolandische epilepsie is het meest voorkomende idiopathische epilepsietype bij kinderen.