Political Lessons from the Frontline: The Causal impact of Policy Design on External Political Efficacy among socioeconomically vulnerable citizens
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
2026
Political participation among socioeconomically vulnerable citizens is persistently low, as is their external political efficacy (EPE) — the belief that government is responsive to "people like them." Policy feedback theory suggests that the design of social policy itself shapes such attitudes, yet existing evidence is largely cross-sectional or qualitative, leaving selection effects and the distinct role of design unresolved. This study tests the causal impact of policy design on EPE through a randomized between-subjects survey vignette experiment among long-term unemployed participants in a Brussels workfare program (N = 126). Respondents were exposed to a news vignette describing a reform of the Brussels rent subsidy, framed as either a universal or a means-tested design, or to a control condition, after which EPE was measured. Consistent with the hypotheses, exposure to the means-tested design significantly reduced EPE relative to the control group, while exposure to the universal design significantly increased it ; both effects were robust to adjustment for educational level. A hypothesized moderation by perceived voice opportunities could not be meaningfully tested due to limited statistical power. The findings demonstrate that policy design conveys interpretive signals that shape EPE independently of material resources, underscoring policy design as a determinant of democratic inclusion
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