HATE THE PLAYER, NOT THE GAME. Exploring extremist and terrorist use of games, gaming platforms and gamification strategies for propaganda purposes.
This dissertation explores how video games, gaming culture, and gamification
strategies are employed by (violent) extremist and terrorist individuals and organisations to disseminate propaganda. The literature review commences by providing the current state of knowledge on the topic, including the correlation between video games and violence, and why extremist and terrorist content in the gaming community demands our undivided
attention.
Thereafter, the study delves into the historical context of online extremism, tracing
its evolution from the digital pioneers of the 1980s to the modern challenges faced today. It further investigates the strategies employed by (violent) extremist and terrorist organisations in video games, including the modification of existing games to disseminate violent extremist messages, and the use of in-game communication for recruitment and radicalisation.
This dissertation also examines online gaming and gaming adjacent platforms like
Steam, Twitch, Discord, etc. and their potential role in this context. Furthermore, it will
investigate the extent to which they are utilised and whether their usage is restricted to
specific ideologies.
Finally, it examines gaming culture references, both visual and linguistic, in the
communication strategies employed by (violent) extremist and terrorist people and
organisations.
This dissertation will conclude that (violent) extremist and terrorist individuals and
organisations fully exploit video games and modifications to spread their ideology, gaming (adjacent) platforms for community building and communication and gamification strategies to recruit and radicalise individuals. It is not confined to far-right and Jihadist ideology but encompasses a broad range of ideologies. Gamification techniques are commonly used to disseminate their respective ideologies, build communities, and recruit and radicalise individuals.
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