The Political Imperative of Public Space - Public sphere and space in the Brussels Capital Region
Gommaar
Van Reybrouck Van Gelder
This thesis explores the political imperative of public space in the Brussels Capital Region. The city-region, marked by administrative complexity and political stratification, is today also subject to a disconnect between citizens and representative democratic instances. This disaffection is exacerbated by broader political polarisation and hyper-politicization within Belgian society. Furthermore, despite discussions about a reappropriation of public space, true progress remains relative and often coincides with creeping processes of depoliticization.
Public space, however, plays a crucial role within the public sphere, which has been influentially theorised by Jürgen Habermas and Hannah Arendt. Habermas's historical analysis of the bourgeois public sphere highlights principles of accessibility, rational deliberation, and reasoned opinion-formation. This has been critiqued by Nancy Fraser for its exclusion of subaltern groups, leading to her concept of multiple counter-public spheres. Arendt in a different stance emphasises plurality as fundamental to politics, with the public sphere then being the site for action and speech.
The public sphere, although non-dismissible for forming critical public opinion and active citizenship in contemporary democracy, is today challenged by delocalisation and disembodiment. Therefore, in response to challenges to both sphere and space, the political imperative of public space proves essential to (re)consider. Public space must in this regard be seen as a relational entity with socio-physical and spatio-temporal dimensions. Characteristics such as accessibility, inclusivity, and potential for transgression are key, yet public spaces are more often dominated by patterns of e.g. securitization, privatization, and commodification.
The conceptualization of political public space in this thesis considers it as either a playground or a theatre, focusing on democratic performance of both citizens and architecture in itself. The general framework is subsequently applied to the case of the Brussels Capital Region. An analysis of XDGA’s non-realised design for the Schuman Square, a significant political and symbolic site, illustrates the potential and limitations of formal public spaces for embedding political action. In contrast, but refraining from hierarchisation, Filter Café Filtré Atelier’s OpenStreets project demonstrates the potential of informal public spaces to foster political engagement and activism around themes of common interest. The Decoratelier case study ultimately emphasizes the importance of genuine political engagement in public space, warning against superficial participation.
Addressing the political imperative of public space proves crucial for enabling citizen engagement within societal transformation. While public space alone cannot resolve polarisation, it can contribute by making abstract disagreements tangible and fostering continuous negotiation and debate. The thesis identifies key socio-physical and architectural considerations for evaluating the political imperative of public spaces, such as representation, control, and multi-publicity. The goal is to create a framework for spaces that represent both diverse publics and society, while enabling collective action and participation. After all, architects have a significant role in designing these spaces through re-engaging politics and aesthetics by treating space as an active participant in societal and political dynamics.
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